Research Paper on Decreased Quality of Life Affected by Diabetes

Introduction

Initial idea(s) during seminars 1-5 Diabetes is one of the leading causes of death and disability in the world. However, despite being a condition associated with many other diseases, there exist medication meant for management of diabetes. The management of diabetes is often conducted by the patient (self-management). Diabetes self-management education has been found to enhance clinical outcomes in people living with diabetes (Lavelle et al., 2017). However, despite the patients being given the guidelines needed to self-manage, some of the patients have been reported to be ineffective in managing the condition. Because of this, it is important to examine whether self-efficacy is a factor in the self-management of diabetes. The primary stakeholders of the proposed study include diabetic patients, their families, and healthcare professionals. The keywords and search terms used to search the databases for articles included: "self-efficacy and diabetes management," "efficacy beliefs and self-management of diabetes."

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Diabetes is a chronic condition that can lead to expensive health complications, decreased quality of life, and death (Lavelle et al., 2017). A recent national estimate of the prevalence of diabetes in the U.S. revealed that 9.3% of the U.S. population has been diagnosed with diabetes. Annually, the cost of diabetes has been found to be as high as $245 billion (Diabetes Organization, 2018). In diabetes, the need for a patient's self-management and the participation of the patient in care is crucial. One of the unique aspects of diabetes, which is not present in other diseases, is the need for the patient to have adequate self-management skills, which are linked to the enhanced quality of life and care (Yu et al., 2014).

Studies on self-efficacy and self-management of diabetes have revealed important findings. For instance, Beckerle and Lavin (2013) conducted a study to examine the association of self-efficacy and self-care with glycemic control in diabetes. Findings of this study revealed Data analysis revealed no statistically significant relationships self-care management of diabetes and self-efficacy. However, a statistically significant relationship was found between self-efficacy and participants' confidence when selecting appropriate foods when hungry.

In a related study, Dehghan et al. (2017) examined the relationship between general self-efficacy and self-management of diabetes. Findings of this study revealed that a positive relationship between general self-efficacy and diabetes self-efficacy and a negative relationship between general self-efficacy and diabetes self-efficacy.

Even though patients are being taught how to manage their diabetes in hospitals, some end up failing to properly manage. Consequently, it is important to explore if self-efficacy may be the reason for patients' lack of self-management skills. What is the relationship between self-efficacy and diabetes self-management? The proposed study will be based on social cognitive theory (SCT) developed by Albert Bandura. Self-efficacy is one of the constructs of the SCT. self-efficacy (SE) was first proposed by the psychologist, Albert Bandura.

According to Albert Bandura, self-efficacy is a belief of a person in his or her abilities to successfully complete a task (Di Giunta et al., 2018; Griffin & Moorhead, 2014; Griffin, Phillips, & Gully, 2017; Wang, 2016). Self-efficacy is also a theory in itself. Additionally, its one of the constructs in the SCT. The self-efficacy theory posits that individuals will engage in activities which they believe they are capable of accomplishing and will avoid those they think they will not be capable of doing or those they think they may end up failing. Consequently, self-efficacy is necessary for engaging in any behavior and must be considered as an important and a basic skill (Williams, Kessler, & Williams, 2014). Overall, Albert Bandura believes that self-efficacy is the primary factor which predicts a person's behavior. Consequently, possession of high self-efficacy is associated with a person high confidence in performing a task while low self-efficacy means that an individual has low confidence in accomplishing a task. Consequently, such an individual might not even try the task at hand. The relationship between self-efficacy and diabetes self-management will be examined using quantitative research design. This is because both the independent variable (self-efficacy) and the dependent variable (self-management of diabetes) can be accessed quantitatively on continuous level of measurement.

Participants' self-efficacy will be assessed using Sherer General Self-Efficacy Scale (SGSES). The SGSES is comprised of 17 questionnaire items which assess participants' general self-efficacy.

On the other hand, diabetes self-management will be assessed using the Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy Scale (DMSES). This instrument assesses participants' self-efficacy in the management of diabetes.

Peer and Faculty feedback and networking: Gather feedback on your idea from at least one faculty and one peer at the residency.

For example Peer in my program suggested x, y, z. The faculty who I met with at advising recommended a, b, c. Due to faculty feedback regarding my methodology, I changed it to a quantitative design so it is more aligned to my problem and research question. Most of my colleagues were of the opinion that the background of the research topic was well-covered. However, the stakeholders' section was not adequately addressed. My colleagues agreed that all components of Background/Literature Review were covered. Most of the sections were well-addressed. The research question contained the IV and the DV. Theoretical framework well-explained. Method of inquiry succinctly explained.

Final Response: Enter your "final response" in each column based on the feedback you received.

If the information did not change enter it here as well, so the alignment is clear-do not leave any item blank and do not list "none". I covered all the missing parts of the paper after receiving my colleague's feedback. All the components of the background and literature review were covered. I covered all parts of this section. I learned to construct research questions with IV and DV All parts of the section covered. The method of inquiry was based on past studies.

Reflection & Next Steps

Reflect on your next steps for each component (column) based on the feedback and what you have learned during Residency 2. What do you need to do to prepare for Residency 3 (e.g. Read, annotate, network, build skills, use resources, etc.} I learned that it is important to have a thorough understanding of small details in the research process to ensure that all parts of the research study are covered in the final manuscript. I learned to pay attention to detail. I learned to pay attention to detail. I learned to come up with a testable research question. I learned to identify the most appropriate theory from past studies. I learned to identify appropriate data collection tools.

References

(APA Format) At least three empirical articles and one theory book or article.

Beckerle, C. M., & Lavin, M. A. (2013). Association of self-efficacy and self-care with glycemic control in diabetes. Diabetes Spectrum, 26(3), 172-178. https://doi.org/10.2337/diaspect.26.3.172

Dehghan, H., Charkazi, A., Kouchaki, G. M., Zadeh, B. P., Dehghan, B. A., Matlabi, M., ... Mehr, B. R. (2017).

General self-efficacy and diabetes management self-efficacy of diabetic patients referred to diabetes clinic of Aq Qala, North of Iran. Journal of Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, 16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40200-016-0285-z

Di Giunta, L., Iselin, A.-M. R., Lansford, J. E., Eisenberg, N., Lunetti, C., Thartori, E., ... Gerbino, M. (2018).

Parents' and early adolescents' self-efficacy about anger regulation and early adolescents' internalizing and externalizing problems: A longitudinal study in three countries. Journal of Adolescence, 64, 124-135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2018.01.009

Drive, A. D. A. 2451 C., Arlington, S. 900, & Va 22202 1-800-Diabetes. (n.d.). Statistics about diabetes. Retrieved November 29, 2018, from http://www.diabetes.org/diabetes-basics/statistics/

Griffin, R. W., & Moorhead, G. (2014). Organizational behavior: managing people and organizations (11th Edition). Australia: South-Western/Cengage Learning.

Griffin, R. W., Phillips, J., & Gully, S. M. (2017). Organizational behavior: managing people and organizations (Twelfth edition). Boston, MA: Cengage Learning.

Lavelle, D., Zeitoun, J., Stern, M., Butkiewicz, E., Wegner, E., & Reinisch, C. (n.d.). Diabetes self-management education in the home. Cureus, 8(7). https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.710

Wang, V. C. X. (Ed.). (2016). Handbook of research on learning outcomes and opportunities in the digital age. Hershey, PA: Information Science Reference.

Williams, B. W., Kessler, H. A., & Williams, M. V. (2014). Relationship among practice change, motivation, and self-efficacy: Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions, 34, S5-S10. https://doi.org/10.1002/chp.21235

Yu, C. H., Parsons, J. A., Mamdani, M., Lebovic, G., Hall, S., Newton, D., ... Straus, S. E. (2014).

A web-based intervention to support self-management of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: effect on self-efficacy, self-care and diabetes distress. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, 14(1).

https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-014-0117-3GUIDELINES FOR RESIDENCY 2 FINAL ASSIGNMENT: You will develop the Final Assignment during each of the Residency 2 sessions. Residency 2 sessions were designed to help you learn how to develop and align res...