Essay Sample on 3 Sections of the Brain: Cerebrum, Brain Stem, & Cranial Nerves

The brain is functionally and anatomically divided into three main sections, cerebrum, the brain stem, and cerebellum. The cranial nerves cell bodies are in the brain; however, most of their nerve fibers progress in the brain's exterior. Cranial nerves are a mental strain that occurs directly from the brain, in comparison to spinal nerves (Skolnik, et al., 2016). The cranial nerve ascends as of the brain branch. They can arise from a precise portion of the brain stem (pons, medulla, and midbrain) or connections among two fragments of the brain. The cranial nerves lay info amid the body parts and the brain, mainly from and to areas of the neck and head. Cranial nerves are different from the spinal nerves as they are irregularly attached to the brain. These nerves act as both a two-way and one-way road, implicating that some of the nerves transmit info solitary to the brain; others convey directions, whereas the remainder is created to transmit and receive info. There are four functional types of fibers in cranial nerves; visceral efferent, somatic efferent, visceral afferent, and somatic afferent (Pombal & Megías, 2019). The distinct afferent fibers include taste, visual, equilibrator, auditory, reflex, and olfactory fibers. Cranial nerves have a customary of 12 nerves that directly arise from the brain. The leading two mental strain (optic and olfactory) rise from the cerebrum and the other ten develops starting at the brain stem.

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The cranial nerves and the brain have different diseases, including vascular, toxic, traumatic, idiopathic, and neoplastic. These disorders result in the dysfunction of a central, provincially area of the brain or may result in more multifocal or diffuse deficits. Cranial neuropathy is a disease that damages the nerve and affects the ability to move and feel (Finsterer & Grisold, 2015). Different kinds of cranial neuropathies comprise; third nerve palsy, which disturbs the third nerve. This nerve assists in managing the muscle that reins the eye movement. Secondly, microvascular cranial nerve palsy, a condition that affects the eye nerves. This is common in people with high blood pressure and diabetes. Bell's palsy is a condition that happens once the facial nerve is altered (seventh nerve).

Cranial neuropathies are caused by different factors that consist of; microvascular cranial nerve palsy quickly develops in people with high blood pressure. Secondly, during the birth of children, they are sometimes born with the third nerve palsy. However, it is also triggered by head infection or injuries (Duma, et al., 2019). Disorders affecting the brain such as brain tumor and aneurysm also causes third nerve palsy. Migraines and diabetes are other likely causes of this disorder of the brain. Thirdly the fourth palsy is frequently a genetic birth flaw that babies are born with. But stroke, tumor, or head injury are also causes of the fourth palsy. Infections of the spinal fluid do aggravate the cranial nerve. Like the Lyme, illness affects nerve VII. And also can cause problems to other cranial nerves. Finally, cancer cells can feast to the backbone fluid and impair several cranial nerves. Occasionally cancer does press on the cranial nerves for the course over the skull.

Neuropathies disorder has different symptoms based on the nerves damaged and where they are situated. Some of the symptoms of the illness include: numbness, pain, paralyzing or weak muscles, and prickly sensations. Signs of diverse types of cranial neuropathies are; the microvascular palsy causes dual visualization and other difficulties with the sight (Aggarwal et al., 2018). The Bell's palsy causes a dipping part of the face, which only affects a single side. Neuropathy is a sign of a life intimidating emergency. Most of the cranial neuropathies are better with time, even without any treatment. The medicine sometimes assists in treating the infection by reducing swelling on the nerve, or assist if the illness causes pain. In other cases of the illness, surgery is needed.

Cranial nerve impairment around the brain is fixed or treated in many cases. However, it is essential to identify and treat illnesses that cause neuropathy. Treating leading causes such as diabetes, infections, and blood pressure would reduce the chance of the disorder. Avoiding smoking, limiting the amount of alcohol, and eating healthy food also cope neuropathy. This illness is painful to prevent, but control of its common causes can help reduce the risk. Some of the prevention measures that help are; lowering the blood pressure where needed. Secondly, managing diabetes to individuals who already have the disorder reduces factors for head injuries and stroke.

A prescription of tricyclic antidepressants like desipramine and amitriptyline and many other antidepressants comprising venlafaxine and duloxetine would assist in minimizing the pain. A high notch of suspicion should be upheld in all individuals with the sorts of cranial nerve dysfunction without or with signs of descending paralysis or weakness. When the case is noted, prompt administration of botulinum antitoxin can advance the results. Nevertheless, the patients may also need extended mechanical ventilation and hospitalization. Though an occasional sickness, it is of great need to retain botulism in the disparity for patients bestowing with weakness. Appropriate analysis and timely treatment are precarious to the patient's result.

References

Aggarwal, P., Zaveri, J. S., Goepfert, R. P., Shi, Q., Du, X. L., Swartz, M., ... & Rosenthal, D. I. (2018). Symptom burden associated with late lower cranial neuropathy in long-term oropharyngeal cancer survivors. JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery, 144(11), 1066-1076.

Duma, S. R., Ghattas, S., & Chang, F. C. (2019). Internal Carotid Artery Occlusion Causing Acute Cranial Neuropathies. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases, 28(4), e5-e6.

Finsterer, J., & Grisold, W. (2015). Disorders of the lower cranial nerves. Journal of neurosciences in rural practice, 6(3), 377.

Pombal, M. A., & Megías, M. (2019). Development and functional organization of the cranial nerves in lampreys. The Anatomical Record, 302(3), 512-539.

Skolnik, A. D., Loevner, L. A., Sampathu, D. M., Newman, J. G., Lee, J. Y., Bagley, L. J., & Taught, K. O. (2016). Cranial nerve schwannomas: diagnostic imaging approach. radiographics, 36(5), 1463-1477.