Research Paper on Tularemia

Introduction and Definition of the Disease

Tularemia, a bacterial infection is a zoonotic disease transmitted by Francisella tularensis from infected arthropods to human beings (Siderovski, 2008). Notably, the infectious pathogenic microbes to the living organisms spread from infected animal to human beings. Imperatively, the increase Tularemia infections may perhaps exist openly by usage infected animal protein and through the transmission from the resistance carrier to the human beings respectively. The nature of the disease that results in the human beings depends entirely on the animal causing the disease. For example, the tick-caused the O'Hara diseases in human beings while the rabbits cause the rabbit fever. However there are four primary type of Tularemia infection in the entire United States, but there are only two commonly diagnosed namely: Type A, tularemia, and Type B, holarctica which possess a great bioterrorism threat. .Remarkably Tularemia is the disease which often affects the normal body function in both plants and animals species in the environment. The nature of the symptoms indicated by the disorders depends on the parts of the body affected by the disease.

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The Tularemia infection and transmission depends on the number of the environmental condition and the general geographical location of the individual (Siderovski, 2008). In depth investigative analysis reveal that during some specific times of the year there is an absolute rise in the Tularemia infections (Penn, 2015). Throughout the springs and the summer, the temperature favours the breeding and therefore enhances the contamination and diseases of the human beings. On the other hand, the specific locations such as the south-central and parts of the coast America register the highest case of Tularemia as compared to the other parts of the county. On the higher account, the infection caused severe pain and required the earlier diagnosis to minimize the deaths often registered as the result of the Tularemia infections. Also the most affected people in the Tularemia condition are the young males 5-9 years old and the vulnerable aged at 75years and above (Siderovski, 2008).

Causes of Tularemia

The Tularemia condition is widely spread by the by having undeviating contact with a contaminated animal such as the deer fly bites, tick or mosquito. This condition affects most of the individual in the society and are therefore categorized as one of the life-threatening diseases in the current rating among the bacterial illnesses (Penn, 2015). Imperatively, the Tularemia disease is bacterial type caused by Francisella tularensis, which accumulates in the body fluids of the infected animals upon which the transmission occurs (Siderovski, 2008). The incubation periods of the disease can be estimated between weeks to months depending on the environmental prevalence in the geographical condition of the infected animal like soil, water availability and the vegetation cover and the human beings affected (Siderovski, 2008). Notably, human beings get contaminated by the Tularemia disease upon ingestion, oral assimilation admission of the raw meat from the infected animals. However, the transmission can be as a result of inhalation of some contaminants in the environment like the aerosols which penetrates into the body via the mucous membrane and small body cuts

Clinical Signs and Symptoms

As Penn (2015) contends, the patients suffering from the Tularemia infection may show some common signs and symptoms mostly on the skin and the exact point of disease. The signs are usually the irritating painful and swollen lymph gland, constant fever and chills, Headache. On the other hand, oropharyngeal tularemia causes sore throat, mouth ulcers, and tonsillitis. The acute signs of Tularemia are pneumonic conditions with signs such constant cough, avoidable chest pain, high difficulty in breathing.

How to Isolate in the Laboratory Setting, Identification Test Used in the Laboratory

Larsson et al. (2005) states that the testing of tularemia in the laboratory entails analyzing the blood sample and the sputum with the aim of identifying the Antibodies and the infectious bacteria in a sample of blood investigated. The organisms under the then test isolated for some weeks before the results identified and later analyses. The testing is a global concern and the experiment requires the comparison on the effectiveness of the use of machines such as the mocycler in contrast with the laboratory-based PCR platform on the sensitive tissues to help identify the cases of the bacteria in the body. Once confirmed positive the isolation then occurs.

Francisella tularensis biovar palearctica is used as the resource to produce the needed antigens subjected to the testing and separation of the infected organisms (Penn, 2015). The antigen produced in the body to trigger an antigen-antibody reactions which forms the basis of the identification of the bacterial infection (WHO, 2007).

The physicians upon noting the case of the tularemia condition ought to rapidly gather suitable specimen and sensitize laboratory wing on their findings and recommend a quick analytic and protected procedures. Apparently, the separation of the bacterial protein isolation to help detect the abnormal behaviour of the disease though anew detection procedure can also be employed to help identify the pathogen in the blood sample under investigation (World Health Organization, 2007). The organisms infected by the Tularemia conditions are then isolated on the magnitude of their infection to help curd reinfections and many transmission from one affected animals to another. Notably, the data collected for analysis requires extensive microbial screening since the signs and the symptoms often registered are similar in most of the infection. Also, the testing also needs the CDC testing procedure to be fully incorporated in the measurement of any kind to the disease; serum test is seen to be useful since it provides the accurate identification to the disease

Mortality and Morbidity and Treatment Prevention: Measure and Control

Tularemia is an uncommon however causes severe bacterial zoonosis affecting most people in the United States with absolute effect in the society (Siderovski, 2008). The causative agents, Francisella tularensis, is extremely contagious and can be transferred through the bites of some animals. According to the Summary of the report on the mortality tularemia cases registered by the CDC during 2001-2010 via the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS). The results indicate the rise in to approximately 126.5 cases in the 100-154 case reported. On the other hand, the most affected people by the infection are the young 5-9 years and the aged above 60 years. The effect of the Tularemia depends on the point of infection in the body of the human beings ranging from oropharyngeal, cervical lymphadenopathy, and F. tularensis subspecies tularensis which bare linked with severe diseases and risk. The mortality is generally; less than the two percent depending on the intensity of the infections in the body (Siderovski, 2008).

Conclusion

According to World Health Organization (2007), the prevention of Tularemia involves applying the DEET repellent on the skin to help put away the infected arthropods. It is also imperative to note that the one should wear the wear gloves when operating with the sick or diseased animals (Siderovski, 2008). The food should be cooked properly before eating, the drinking water treated before drinking and its source fully identified to avoid consumption of contaminated water that might cause the infections in the body of human beings.

References

Iskender, G., Ceken, S., Gedik, H., Ogan, M. C., Kilic, S., & Ertek, M. (2016). Clinical Characteristics and Effect of Early Treatment In Tularemia Cases. Acta Medica, 32, 391.

Larsson, P., Oyston, P. C., Chain, P., Chu, M. C., Duffield, M., Fuxelius, H. H., & Karp, P. D. (2005). The complete genome sequence of Francisella tularensis, the causative agent of tularemia. Nature Genetics, 37(2), 153.

Penn, R. L. (2015). Francisella tularensis (tularemia). In Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases (Eighth Edition) (pp. 2590-2602).

Siderovski, S. H. (2008). Tularemia. Philadelphia, PA: Chelsea.

World Health Organization. (2007). WHO guidelines on tularaemia: Epidemic and pandemic alert and response. Geneva: World Health Organization.