Research Paper on Role of Thyroid Hormone in Skeletal Muscle

Introduction

Thyroid hormone (TH) is a vital element for the development, growth, metabolism, differentiation and thermogenesis processes. TH influences the key operations in the skeletal muscle, (SM), including muscle contractile function, regeneration, bio-energetic metabolism and myogenesis (Bloise, et al., 2018). These effects occur with the help of the TH transporters in the plasma membrane and the presence of certain hormones. Skeletal muscle (SM) represents over 35% of the human body matter, making it a vital element in systemic physiology (Bloise, et al., 2018). Thyroid hormones in the SM, TH-thyroxine (T3) and triiodothyronine (T4) play a big role in muscle functions.

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TH Action Pathway SM

TH has significant effects on the muscular physiology activities on SM. T3 action on SM is based on gene expression regulated by its fusion with hormone receptors, THRA and THRB. The receptors interact with hormone-responsive factors within the body tissues. Short term effects such as regulation of membrane transporters are also triggered by the TH (Bloise, et al., 2018). T3 raises the pH in L6 myoblast through phospholipase and intracellular calcium mobilization. Also, T3 plays a significant role in mitochondria biogenesis in SM fibers. T4 triggers the functionality of the Na, K-ATPase in the skeletal myotubes. TH transport in the plasma membrane results into intracellular TH availability and regulation of T3 and T4. Also, TH transport helps in facilitating diffusion of TH across the plasma membrane (Ambrosio, et al., 2017).

TH Affects SM Metabolism

T3 uptake during treatment increases maximal oxygen consumption. This results in increased mitochondrial content and fusion. T3 elements help in appropriate muscle responsiveness to insulin. This effect is associated with a rise in the rate of glucose uptake resulting from TH regulation slc2a4. Also, TH enhances fast post-transcriptional disorders enhancing the stability of Glucose levels and translocation to sarcolemma in rodents. TH also stimulates the oxidative ways, specifically the expression of the intermediate factors (Ambrosio, et al., 2017).

TH Impact on Myogenesis

The growth of the SM depends on the proliferation of muscle stem cells and the Satellite cells (SC). The relative positions of the cells enhance signal movement between the cells and the muscle fibers. The SC niches lie net to the blood cells. A low level of intracellular T3 creates a good environment for cell proliferation and induces the expression for FOXO3 inducing D2 (Ambrosio, et al., 2017). Together with the T3 FOXO3 induces MYOD1, activating SC into proliferative myoblast. T3 positively regulates terminal myogenic differentiation.

Conclusion

TH forms part of the regulators that are responsible for developmental, regeneration and metabolism processes of the SM. T3 stimulates the characteristics of the first-twitch fibers and also increase the rate of biogenesis in the mitochondria. Through illness, TH influences the general mechanisms of muscle physiology (Bloise, et al., 2018). More study and research is necessary to bring in new ideas on how TH acts within the SM.

References

Ambrosio, R., De Stefano, M. A., Di Girolamo, D., & Salvatore, D. (2017). Thyroid hormone signaling and deiodinase actions in muscle stem/progenitor cells. Molecular and cellular endocrinology, 459, 79-83.

Bloise, F. F., Cordeiro, A., & Ortiga-Carvalho, T. M. (2018). Role of thyroid hormone in skeletal muscle physiology. Journal of Endocrinology, 236(1), R57-R68.