Research Paper on Brain: Command Center of the Nervous System

Introduction

The brain is one of the important organs in the body, and it forms the command center of the system that controls the whole body referred to as the nervous system. Signals are received from the sensory organs. The cerebrum hemispheres are divided into parts known as lobes that carry out different functions. These lobes are the frontal, occipital, parietal and temporal and they sometimes tend to have disorders that make it hard for them to run the various activities that they are supposed to undertake.

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Frontal Lobe

The frontal lobe is the altregst6 of the four lobes, and it is based at the front part of the brain, and it forms the last part of the brain during the time of evolving. It is involved in various functions that include the production of language and speech, making compassion of objects, and the formation of memories. The high-level behavior is coordinated by this part of the brain, and they include solving problems, attention, and making of judgments. In some of the cases, the frontal lobe may be affected and fail to function normally leading to its impairments. The frontal lobe disorder refers to the impairment that affects this part of the brain, and it may happen due to head trauma, the degenerative diseases, and cerebrovascular ailment among others. The disorders can be detected dysexecuiteve syndrome that is made by a number of symptoms that are categorized into cognitive, behavioral or emotional (McDonald, Code & Togher, 2016). The head injury causes damages to the orbitofrontal cortex area while the cerebrovascular disease may trigger a stroke in the frontal lobe. Pahhthopgensis may lead to the occurrence of the foster Kennedy and Frontal disinhibition syndrome that is triggered by a frontal lobe tumor causing ipsilateral optic atrophy. According to McDonald et al. (2016) "Traumatic brain injury can also impair articulation and voice production, resulting in dysarthria."

Parietal Lobe

The parietal lobe of one of the parts of the brain and it is positioned near the center of the brain, above the temporal lobe, cenetla lucus and just behind the frontal lobe. Its main activities are to ensure that there is the integration of the sensory information, such as the navigation and spatial sense the sensory outputs, such as pain receptors, temperatures, and touch tends to relay information through the thalamus to this parietal lobe, and it also plays a critical role in the processing of language. The lobe is defined by several boundaries central, the parietal-occipital and lateral sulcus. Damages to the parietal lobe are likely to have adverse effects on the functioning of the body. The issues that arise when this part of the brain is damaged depends on the extent of damage and whether the injury can be treated. The right parietal lobe can be damaged, and the resulting problem can lower the ability to care for the body since it undermines the ability to care for one side of the body leading to a condition known as contralateral neglect. The gerstmann's syndrome is a condition that arises from the damages to the left side of the parietal lobe, and it leads to problems in writing, language, making an arithmetic determination and the ability to perceive objects (Miller, & Cummings, (Eds.), 2017). When both the right and left side of the parietal lobes are damaged, the condition that arises is known as the Balint's syndrome, and it tends to have adverse effects on the visual attention and the motor skills. An individual suffering from this problem finds it difficult to direct their eyes and find it hard to make integration of the visual scene components.

Temporal Lobe

The temporal lobe is the part of the brain that sits just behind the ear, and it is mainly involved in facilitating the processing of the auditory information and the memory encoding. The other important functions that are conducted by this section of the brain include visual perception, language, and emotions. The dominant section of this brain part is on the left side, and it is mainly involved in the process of facilitating the understanding of learning and language in addition to remembering the verbal information. The right temporal lobe is not dominant, and its main activities include remembering the non-verbal information, such as music and visual-spatial material and the learning process. The formation of the visual memories is a critical component that this part of the brain must fulfill and this is in conjunction with the hippocampus. The recognizing of objects and visual stimuli are interpreted by the temporal lobe. The speech production process is also undertaken by this brain part, as well as, controlling the automatic and unconscious reactions like hunger and thirst. Any disorder or damage to the temporal lobe can lead to negative effects on the functioning of the body and considering that the organ undertakes critical functions in the body, its destruction can be catastrophic. Several damages can lead to blood clots and life-threatening bleeding and death if the problem is left unattended. According to Stretton et al., (2015), "Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is associated with marked psychiatric comorbidity.12Affective disorders (depression/anxiety) are the most common interictal psychopathologies,3leading to a decreased quality of life4and an increased risk of suicide." The problem that is associated with the temporal lobe depends on the section of the brain where the problem has been detected. If there are lesions in the brain and the patient seeks mediation attention early enough before its spreading, there is the likelihood that they will manage to encounter less damages to the temporal lobe. Some of the problems that can arise when the lobe is damaged include epilepsy, such as the seizures that lead to the production of uncontrolled electrical activity. The aphasia is a problem that affects the language and speech, and when the Broca area is damaged, the ability to speak is affected while injuries to the Wernicke's area triggers the rise of the inability to understand the speech. There is the problem of impaired memory skill though the nature of the damage mainly depends on the injury location leading to the inability to recognize people, objects or faces. A patient may also experience poor auditory memory and personality changes, such as the interpersonal and emotional regulations. There is the likelihood of changes in the self-perception and self-image considering that the lobe houses a significant amount of memories and nay damage that it experiences can lead a person to have a different understanding of self.

Conclusion

To sum up, the brain is one of the major organs in the body, and it plays a critical role in the functioning of the various activities. It is made of lobes that play specific roles and any damage that it encountered by these lobes is likely to affect the activities that they undertake adversely. The temporal lobe is based behind the ear, and it is mainly involved in the controlling of the visual perception, language, and emotions. The parietal lobe is in the center of the brain, and some of its major function include relaying and integration of the sensory information. The frontal lobe is ta the front part of the brain, and its main activities include the production of language and speech, making compassion of objects, and formation of memories.

References

McDonald, S., Code, C., & Togher, L. (2016). Communication disorders following traumatic brain injury. Psychology press.

Miller, B. L., & Cummings, J. L. (Eds.). (2017). The human frontal lobes: Functions and disorders. Guilford Publications.

Stretton, J., Pope, R. A., Winston, G. P., Sidhu, M. K., Symms, M., Duncan, J. S., ... & Foong, J. (2015). Temporal lobe epilepsy and affective disorders: the role of the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 86(2), 144-151.