Penetration of Arrow in Pleural Cavity: Investigating Serous Membrane - Essay Sample

Introduction

Understandably, the first arrow penetrated between the 8th and 7th rib in the thoracic cavity that includes the pleural cavity (Shier et al., 2015). Such a cavity is a small thin sheet tissue that wraps on the outside of the lung and lines within the chest, and it is usually filled with fluid.

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Notably, the squamous epithelium forms the serous membrane that is filled with the connective tissue and lining some internal cavities, including layers of the epithelial cells (Shier et al., 2015). Visceral is the inner cavity that covers the lung and the adjoining structures through the nerves, bronchi, and the blood vessels, as the parietal peritoneum covers itself, forming the existential fold next to the back wall in the abdominal cavity (Davis et al., 2014).

Autonomic Nervous System

More importantly, the autonomic nervous system refers to the uncontrolled division of the system. It is the afferent and efferent nervous tissue that connects the central nervous system to the sense organs and connects to other systems (Shier et al., 2015). It is worth noting that the autonomic nervous system plays a critical role in ensuring the proper balance of the internal body's temperature. The system is divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions (Davis et al., 2014).

The penetration of the pleural cavity between the 8th and the 7th rib may affect the axon of the visceral motor neuron in the central nervous system that links the internal organs to the brain through the spinal nerves (Davis et al., 2014). It can also increase the blood pressure and the heart rate because the human body is often connected through a ganglion, which is very sensitive to organs, including the thoracic, head, visceral, and limbs and the body walls.

The trajectory of the First Arrow and the Affected Organs

Based on the first arrow trajectory, the abdominal cavity extends into the osseocartilaginous within the thoracic cage and to the fourth intercostal space. As a result, the superior organs, including the abdominal organs such as the liver, kidney, spleen, and the stomach, are highly protected by the thoracic cage.

Cardiovascular System and the Effect on Pulmonary and Systemic Circuits

Cardiovascular system refer to a link of several organs and the blood vessels which are charged with the responsibility to ensure smooth flow of blood, hormones, oxygen, and nutrients within the body (Berntson et al., 2017). Notably, the pulmonary system in the human body has a pathway for the circulation between the lung and the heart. When the process of circulation stops, a person cannot breathe normally, and the blood may not return because oxygen is supplied along with the flow of the blood from the right atrium of the heart (Berntson et al., 2017).

Consequentially, blood is pumped from the right atrium to the right ventricle of the heart, and the ventricle contracts and releases oxygen-depleted blood to the lung through the pulmonary artery. On the other hand, the systemic circuit interrelates the circulation that occurs in the heart and other parts of the body except for the circulation that happens in the lung. The blood is then circulated to the rest of the body and other arteries through the aorta (Khurana et al., 2013). The hemoglobin refers to the protein that is composed of the red blood cells that are charged with the responsibility of supplying oxygen to different tissues in the body. Notably, plenty of hemoglobin level is needed to ensure enough tissue oxygenation (Khurana et al., 2013). More precisely, the human body requires between 14 and 18 g/dl of hemoglobin for males, while females require between 12 and 16 g/dl (Berntson et al., 2017).

More significantly, the hemoglobin of a person may be low due to lack of adequate oxygen to be circulated in all parts of the body; therefore, it is worth noting that proper circulation of blood that transports oxygen simultaneously will maintain the level of hemoglobin in the body (Khurana et al., 2013). Additionally, the hematocrit usually measures the quantity of the red blood cells relative to the total quantity of blood; thus, both red blood cells and the plasma (Khurana et al., 2013). Therefore the hematocrit level depends on the proper circulation of blood that determines the volume of red blood cells in the body.

Neuromuscular Effects of the Second Arrow and the Components of the Neuromuscular Junction

Understandably, the probable neuromuscular effects of the second arrow may include the cord and hemorrhage transection. Cord hemorrhage refers to the presence of the discrete concentration of the bleeding within the spinal cord. It is found within the central gray matter in the spinal cord, especially in the area of the mechanical impact of a patient. In the case of a patient’s injury, the presence of the deoxygenated hemoglobin can be detected in the discrete area within the spinal cord (Tintignac et al., 2015). It is worth noting that the actual hematomyelia is rarely encountered. The spinal cord injury may also cause myelopathy, which refers to the functional disruption and the pathologic variations within the spinal cord (Tintignac et al., 2015).

More imperatively, the neuromuscular junction refers to the chemical synapse that is formed due to the interaction between the muscle fiber and the motor neuron. It comprises the motor end-plate found within the muscle fiber and the axon ending of the motor neuron. Notably, the neuromuscular junction comprises numerous components, including the motor end-plate, the synaptic cleft, and the synaptic knob (Tintignac et al., 2015).

Labeled Tissue Types Found in the Tracheal

The innermost layer can be found in the mucosa that comprises of the ciliated columnar epithelium that contains numerous goblet cells. The epithelial cells cover both the line body cavities and the body itself. The epithelium may be detected in different organs, including the air sac, the digestive tract, and the lung (Tintignac et al., 2015). The epithelial cells help in performing different functions such as filtration, protection, excretion, and absorption.

The subcutaneous layer can be found in the deep mucosa made of several connective tissues containing the nervous tissues and the blood vessels (Tintignac et al., 2015). The layer is further categorized into muscle tissues that perform the functions of providing strength, support, and elasticity.

Also, the hyaline cartilage can be found within the submucosa’s surroundings that is responsible for the formation of the supporting rings found in the trachea. Its functions include providing strong and flexible structures that ensure the perpetual opening of the airway (Tintignac et al., 2015).

Effects of Injuries

In case of any injury, the area of the two airways found in the bronchi can be highly affected. Patients with bronchial and tracheal are likely to experience the symptoms of short breathing due to the lower levels of the hemoglobin (Tintignac et al., 2015). The short breath may also lead to coughs that may be accompanied by blood.

References

Berntson, G. G., Quigley, K. S., Norman, G. J., & Lozano, D. L. (2017). Cardiovascular psychophysiology. Cambridge University Press.

Davis, C. R., Bates, A. S., Ellis, H., & Roberts, A. M. (2014). Human anatomy: let the students tell us how to teach. Anatomical sciences education, 7(4), 262-272.

Khurana, S., Venkataraman, K., Hollingsworth, A., Piche, M., & Tai, T. C. (2013). Polyphenols: benefits to the cardiovascular system in health and in aging. Nutrients, 5(10), 3779-3827.

Shier, D., Butler, J., & Lewis, R. (2015). Hole's essentials of human anatomy & physiology. New York: McGraw-Hill Education.

Tintignac, L. A., Brenner, H. R., & Rüegg, M. A. (2015). Mechanisms regulating neuromuscular junction development and function and causes of muscle wasting. Physiological reviews, 95(3), 809-852.