Paper Example on Exploring Different Metabolic & Anthropometric Parameters

Abstract

Background: the prevalence of the effects of anthropometrics on glycemia and lipidemia has increased both at national and international levels. According to Al-Kaabi et al., (2014), the lives of 36% Emiratis were at stake due to these effects, particularly in Sharjah.Objective: This study was designed for the purposes of determining the effect of anthropometrics on glycemia and lipidemia among healthy Emiratis. The glycaemic load as well as glycaemic index in some of the foods that are mostly consumed by the healthy Emiratis was determined for the purposes of comparison with international valuesDesign and Methods: this is a cross-sectional study on the healthy Emiratis that analyzes the effects of anthropometric measurements on glycemia and lypidemia. The study duration was dependent on sample saturation. In particular, 10 healthy normal-weight Emirates who met the inclusion criteria were randomly selected from the general populace volunteers.Result: the results of this study demonstrated that indeed, anthropometric measurements have a significant effect on Glycemia and Lipidemia among Healthy Emiratis. This was established by comparing the indices and examining the correlations of plasma level and Anthropometrics parameters.

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Conclusion: this research therefore examines the severity of anthropometrics on glycemia and lipidemia among the UAE people. The results of this study may help it creating health awareness among the Emiratis and the entire world in an attempt to reduce the associated risks.Keywords: Anthropometrics, Glycemia, Lipidemia, Waist Circumference, Body Fats Percentage, Metabolic

Introduction

In the contemporary world society, blood and lipid related diseases such as diabetes, hypertention, IBS, cancer, Glycaemia and lipidemia , and heart attack have become the major cause of death, particularly in the United Arab Emirates (Khattab et al., 2010). The symptoms of these diseases can appear at any age, though they are most prevalent at the fortieth age of life; however, it is important to note that the pathophysiologic processes of atherosclerosis normally begin at a very early age and are mostly associated with glycaemia and lipidemia.

A Review of the Literature

According to Al-Daghri, Wani, & Kumar (2014), the atherosclerosis lesions of fibrous plaques and fatty streak can as well be found in children at an early age of two years, that the plaque thickness has a direct relationship with BIM (body mass index), age, LDL-c (low-density lipoprotein), and the TG (triglycerides). Also, the researchers found that the same plaque thickness exhibits an indirect relationship with the concentrations of HDL-c (high-density lipoprotein). Since there is also an increase of oxidative stress, particularly in the subclinical atherosclerosis, the researchers pointed out that novel biomarkers like oxLDL (oxidized low-density) have a direct relationship with atherosclerosis which is sometimes perceived to be the best predictor of diseases such as the acute coronary artery than examining the associated risk factors or any other lipid parameters. In adults, the calculation of body fat percentage revealed to be associated with hypertension, obesity, and heart diseases (Al-Daghri, Wani, & Kumar, 2014).

Earlier studies such as Henry et al., (2006) and Alsaadi, Hamad, & Metwali (2016) were in the sense of emphasizing the contribution of the excessive consumption of carbohydrates, cholesterol, and saturated fats to the persistent rising of insulin/metabolic resistance syndrome among the people of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. According to the two studies above, the ever increasing overweight and obese among the Emiratis had risen to 49% from 2010 to 2017, making it a very serious health distress in the UAE because such diseases are normally associated with an increased insulin resistance, thereby resulting in glycaemia and lipidemia , which is sometimes regarded as a fundamental factor to the pathophysiologic process. Other studies have also reported that the above-mentioned risk factors already exist in persons of all ages (Aburawi et al., 2019). Due to the fact that atherosclerosis starts in childhood, the prolonged latent period between the high risk and the outcomes of disease occurrence, provides enough time in which processes leading to the disease can be well explored with a target intervention. For this reason, in an attempt to slow down the development of atherosclerosis and to reduce the death associated with these diseases as well as adulthood morbidity. Though the examination of glycaemia and lipidemia status is established through blood test, there is a sense of urgency in which a new potential method of evaluating glycaemia and lipidemia risk is required (Al Dhaheri, Al Khatib, & Jarrar, 2017).

Drawing from the insights of Hajat, Harrison, & Al Siksek, (2012), people grow continuously; therefore assessment of total body cholestral, IBM, percentage body fats, TG mg\dl, Waist Circumference (WC), HDL mg\dl, and LDL mg\dl requires an adjustment for both age and sex by the use of growth chats. The resultant anthropometric index coupled with other anthropometric measures could have possibly explored the features associated with disease screening risk potentiality. For example, in a previous research conducted by Al-Waili et al. (2013), the researchers came up with a new sex-specific model with the ability to predict the fat percentage in an individual's body (%BF). The fundamental objective of their were; (1) to examine the pediatric population's metabolic profile at some specific age of an individual; (2) to find out the relationship between factors associated with biochemical diseases and anthropometric measurements; and (3) to evaluate specific anthropometric variables that can be used as dyslipidemic risk predictors with an aim of developing a prognosis model that can be used at an earlier stage including (but not exclusively) anthropometric measures.

Research Questions

RQ1: What is the composition of healthy Emiratis' Glycemic and Lipidemia?

RQ2: How are the glycemia and lipidemia of the Emiratis different from other ethnicities?

RQ2: Do anthropometric measurements have an effect on Glycemia and Lipidemia among the healthy Emiratis?

Methodology

Design, Participants, study protocols, and ethicsFor this study, a cross-sectional design was used. Participants (n=10) whose nationality is UAE and were willing to participate in the study were randomly supplied with consent form. two criterion were used in this process of participant selection; (1) inclusion criteria- which ensured that the selected participants were UAE nationals, are in the age bracket of 18 to 60 years, both genders, and those whose healthy weight is between 18.5-24.9 kg/m2. (2) the exclusion criteria-which ensured that the selected participants who do not meet the inclusion criteria listed above, those who are pregnant, those with significant voluntary weight loss (5% in the preceding 3 months), and consume alcohol above the recommended amount per day (> ounce of ethanol for females and>1 ounce for men) were excluded.

These participants were obtained from different health institutions in the UAE. They were reached through emails, word of mouth, messages and banners in public areas in Dubai. Thereafter, volunteers were matched to the exclusion/inclusion criteria as described above. The subjects of this study were requested to read, understand, and sign the consent form which specified the intention of the study and assured them of confidentiality of their contribution to the study findings. Questionnaires and nutritional measurements were done at the lab in Zayed University, Dubai campus; blood collection was done by a licensed nurse (whose identity is hidden as per her request) at the health clinic of Zayed University or the Hospital (depending on convenience); stool collection was done by the subjects themselves. The research team educated them on how to do the collection and provided them with the collection kit. Lastly, all other research parameters were dully collected by the research team. The table below therefore shows all the outcome measures and the timeline of their collection.

Before obtaining the medical history as well as other personal information from the participants, each produced an informed consent allowing the collection of such confidential information from them. The 10 participants were interviewed and were supplied with a structured questionnaire to complete. The study was done in full conformity with Helsinki Declaration which outlines all the ethical principle and standards to be followed in a medical research that involves human beings as research subjects, as well as the research on human identifiable data and materials. In addition, the research was consistent with World Medical Association's mandate (Williams, 2008). This study was based on provisions of the Ethics Committee of school of Medicine of the Zayed University. All the 10 participants were informed on all details pertaining to the study, the procedures to be involved in the actual research, and were given an opportunity to ask question(s) or give suggestion(s).

An evaluation of different metabolic and anthropometric parametersThe participants' body weight was measured using the digital weighing scale and the results presented in kilograms. The measurements on waist circumference (WC), height, and hip girth were taken and expressed to the nearest 0.5 cm by means of a non-elastic tape. Most importantly, all the participants were advised to remove their sweaters, shoes, and jackets as the measurements were being taken for the purposes of ensuring accuracy. Waist measurements were taken in a midpoint between the costal margins and the iliac crests at minimal respiration. Measurements obtained from waist circumference, height as well as hip girth was then used to determine waist-to-height and waist-to-hip ratios. Measurements pertaining to the diastolic and systolic blood pressure were taken in accordance with the techniques that are considered as appropriate by the means of a digital sphygmomanometer. This instrument was used to determine each participant's glucose level with the help of Glucose-Liquizyme GOD-PAP Spectrum (a commercially obtainable kit). The RMR (restin...