The Coronary Artery Disease Paper Example

Introduction

The coronary artery disease is considered to be a primary cause of death among people in developed countries. This is according to the report prepared by the American Heart Association. Based on the studies, it is reported that the coronary artery disease contributes to about 20% of the mortality rate in developed nations (Georgoulias, 2016; Chatterjee, Anderson, & Heistad, 2012). However, coronary artery disease is most common among women because of predisposing factors associated with them. The purpose of this paper is to examine the Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease in Postmenopausal African American Women using Erikson's Role Modeling Theory. According to the World Health Organization, coronary artery disease has become a significant threat to health among people especially women (World Health Organization, 2015).

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Women over the age of 50 years suffer from cardiovascular disease, especially coronary artery disease (CAD). However, these cases are rare among young women, and this has led to the controversial discussion whether menopause is one of the risks factors for coronary artery disease. Therefore, in this study, the research question will be based on the relationship between menopause and coronary artery disease among women. To establish an accurate conclusion, I will use the hypothesis, whether or not menopause is a risk factor for coronary artery disease. The research question, Will an educational training on Knowledge of the Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease in Postmenopausal African American Women Using Erikson's Role Modeling Theory reduce the BMI of participants? will be used to find the expected results for the study.

The research will target the postmenopausal African American women living in Charlotte, NC. This is because the population of postmenopausal women is high in the selected region approximately 120,000 according to Census Bureau (2016). The risk factors for coronary artery disease cannot be changed, for example, a person's age, gender and family history. However, other risk factors responsible for CAD can be altered, these include overweight, diabetes, high blood pressure, high level of blood cholesterol, excessive stress, smoking, and obesity (Marinik, 2011; Downs & Adrian, 2012).

Pilot Study

The results of the pilot study that was conducted among the postmenopausal African American women briefly indicated that educational training does not serve as a predictor in reducing the body mass index of the participants. This is because the Tanita instruments that were used to measure final BMI showed no significant change in the original weight. Instead, the value of the original weight remained the same after the training. The research instrument assessed both the height and weight of the participants; it also recorded the percentage of fat content of the participants to give their final values of the BMI (Vlodaver, Wilson, & Garry, 2012).

The outcomes of the study established that however much the participants are exposed to the educational training, their original weight remained unchanged. However, the pilot study would have resulted in significant impacts on the main study design because of the changes in the research instruments, questionnaires, and data analysis strategies. For instance, the use of a tape measure as a tool for recording the heights of the participants would greatly influence the final value of BMI. If the questionnaires are changed, the participants may give slightly different responses about their dimensions affecting the study design. Finally, the change in data analysis strategies tends to affect data collection methods. For instance, the replaced of paired t-test analysis by another strategy influence the value of correlation when analyzing the results.

Data Collection

The time frame for data collection was conducted based on a survey split in two ways. Each participant was allocated six hours to provide the answers to the questionnaire (Brace, 2008). From the previous description, the researcher was expected to record the readings of the instrument used to measure the participants' BMI and height and record them on a portable computing device. Once this was done, the questionnaires containing a list of ten structured questions that are relevant to the research problem were issued to all the members of the sample population on the same day (Presser et al., 2004; Brace, 2008).

The actual recruitment and response rates were allowed 4-6 hours respectively. This aimed at allowing the participants to have enough time to provide relevant responses. The future research will focus on finding out the relationship between menopause stage and coronary artery disease among women. The sample population that will be used will comprise of 150 participants and will target African American women with ages above 45 years. The existing literature states that menopause is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease among women (Rosano, Vitale, Marazzi & Volterrani, 2007). It is urged that during menopause women experience estrogen withdrawal which has a detrimental impact on cardiovascular metabolism and function. As a result, the chances of contracting coronary artery diseases becomes high among women (Rosano, Vitale, Marazzi & Volterrani, 2007).

The discrepancies in data collection would occur as a result of variation in the answers given by the participants after and before the intervention. As presented in chapter three, the plan indicated that if BMI decreases, the education on the risk factors of coronary artery disease (CAD) using Erikson's Role Modeling Theory and BMI in African American postmenopausal women would be considered effective. If the BMI failed to change or increase, then the educational method using Erikson's role modeling theory and BMI in African American post-menopausal women was not effective. In this regard, there would be high chances of data inconsistency leading to discrepancies.

The study uses both baselines descriptive and demographic characteristic to provide relevant values for the population sample showing the changes after the training. The descriptive values were based on the change and baseline for the participants. For the demographic data, values captured the age, gender (female) years of education and the body mass index of each participant. In the study, the values used represented mean standard deviation. The t-tests determined the difference in the demographic characteristics for the population samples. The sample represents the overall population of the postmenopausal African Women who have coronary artery disease since the chosen region has a total of 120,000 women. Therefore, the sample size used is significant in representing the cases of coronary artery disease among postmenopausal

Results

The descriptive characteristics that explain the nature of the population sample used in the study include the age, gender, year of education and the body mass index. In addition, the height and weight of each participant were recorded to help in the calculation of the BMI (Sloman, 2010). Other descriptive features relevant to the population sample were the percentage of fats and metabolic rate, these measurements were captured using the research instruments (Borrero & Borrero, 2008). The statistical assumptions based on the probability that all the participants would show a drastic change in their BMI after the training. Another assumption in the study focuses on the probability that all the participants will identify the risk factors of the coronary artery disease and respond to them using the theory of Erickson Modelling after undergoing the educational training session.

Summary

The explicit research was conducted among the Postmenopausal African Women to establish the significance of using Erickson's Role Modeling Theory in assessing the knowledge about risk factors for coronary artery diseases. The pilot study aimed at finding out as to whether or not educational training on knowledge of the risk factors for coronary artery disease in postmenopausal African American Women using Erickson's Role Modeling Theory reduces the BMI of participants. The study involved a group of 35 Postmenopausal African American women from United House of Prayer for All People 40 years and over who participated in an Educational training seminar on Knowledge of the Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease in Postmenopausal African American Women using Erickson's Role Modeling Theory (Vlodaver, Wilson, & Garry, 2012).

However, the main finding in the study indicated that no matter how much you try to educate the women, the final body mass index remains their original weight. It demonstrated the original body weight is the primary predictor of the second measure of the body mass index. Therefore, a slight difference intervention 88% of the variation is determined by the original weight variable as seen in the study. There exists a correlation between weight before and after; however, there is no statistical difference in BMI before and after. The action of measuring BMI intervention by itself does not show the drastic change in the body mass index, and this implies that BMI by itself fails to provide adequate evidence to support the statistical significance of the test.

The finding is demonstrated in the study that was conducted among the Postmenopausal African American Women. In general, after carrying out the study using the selected participants, it was realized that educational training may not serve as a predictor at all and cannot be defined as a variable in the research conducted. The next chapter will focus on providing information that explains the reason why measuring BMI intervention by itself does not drastically change BMI and justify that BMI by itself does not give us enough evidence to see the statistical significance.

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Marinik, A. (2011). Feasibility of a Consolidated Security Credential for Persons Wh...