Sex Differences in the Structure of Deception Detection Annotated Bibliography

Fominykh, A., & Zyryanova, N. (2016). Sex differences in the structure of deception detection.

Researchers have examined the distinction between male and female sexes perception of rational deception. Both sexes have different notion about the act of conversing and the information they share. Females are good in information relating to long term relationships. Lie acceptability can be defined as the attitude towards deceptive communication. The lie acceptability is mostly associated with narcissism while religiosity view it as negative. This journal suggest that deceiving is an obvious occurrence of the day (Fominykh, A & Z, 2016). Some people have tendency of lying than others while others have high expectation of their partners been honesty than other people. Deception sometime is aimed to attain certain goals and for this reason it becomes acceptable to involved persons. This journal shows that many people lie as long as they are getting benefits from it despite the consequences of the act. The psychological part of it has showed that gender influences ones behavior depending on the type of lie or context of the lie. The journal indicates men tend to lie to other men while women's lies tend to be towards men.

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Gu, H., Wen, Z., & Fan, X. (2017). Structural validity of the Machiavellian Personality Scale: A bi-factor exploratory structural equation modeling approach. Personality and Individual Differences, 105, 116-123. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2016.09.042

Females see lying as acceptable and will view it as one of many viable tactics for accomplishing their endeavors. Female tend to lie more than the males and at the same time they believe they should have less remorse and comprehension than men. The journal indicates that males are more against fraud hence deceiving them they take offence. Quite often their attitude is guided by the moral and ethical grounds. They view cheating as a practice that should be both discouraged and avoided. Men are perceived they should lie less than their counterparts, experience less quilt. If men get deceived they tend to get upset and mostly they judge harshly that deceive them. The ability to deceive, was part of the Machiavellian personality construct (GU, 2017).As such, it is a significant sex difference variable that is worth studying. The research examined lying by coming up with several hypothesis by sampling 190 respondents and the objective of the research was to examine the deception among lovers or partners. It showed that females had high tendency of lying than males in relationships. Women showed high level of reaction when deceived. The point of react. There is a good point on why to suspect the difference between the sexes in their emotional responses after seeing the deception. The emphasis of social-emotional matters of the female gender leads them to be more sensitive than the male gender to the quality of their interpersonal relationships. Women view everyday conversation as a more critical feature of friendship than men do. Researchers have found that men are rarely affected by things that could affect their relationships. This would mean men acceptability of deception is high than that of women. Women keenness on relations makes them hate deception hence marking the difference in both sexes.

Guadagno, R., Okdie, B., & Kruse, S. (2012). Dating deception: Gender, online dating, and exaggerated self-presentation. Computers In Human Behavior, 28(2), 642-647. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2011.11.010

Research that examined self-presentation in online dating profiles it used a novel cross-validation technique for establishing accuracy by targeting eighty online daters (Guadagno, R, O, B, & K 2012). The research aim was to examine the online self-presentation. The details of the participant's physical attributes was collected which included, participants photos, age and height. Comparison of their online profile and actual details was done and the result showed that, there was a deviation on their actual details. Online relationship information indicated many females were not married or engaged which contradicted the actual information. This shows that females have high tendency of lying. Men tend to be bold in their relationship was the perception that ruled the research findings. The online daters' study findings about Age of both sex showed that women lied more than men. The actual age of the females deviated with the age they had indicated in their online profile.

Friendship includes important decisions regarding self-presentation, which information one has to disclose to the public and how to make oneself more appealing. This process of branding and packaging oneself is important in any social interaction sites, and it's construed as self-presentation. The self-presentations aim is to make one likeable, and therefore it's like justifies deception acceptability. I dating arenas the pressure of self-presentation is so high that everybody tries to deceive their targets. Women are more justified to lie on self-presentation than men. Telling lies online has an objective of achieving certain goals and therefore to some extent it's acceptable.

Vrij, A., Mann, S., & Leal, S. (2013). Deception Traits in Psychological Interviewing. Journal of Police And Criminal Psychology, 28(2), 115-126. doi: 10.1007/s11896-013-9125-y

Psychology study has also revealed the existence of significant gender effect in lying behavior (Vrij, A, M, S, & L, 2013). The Differences on how female and male react when paired with same-gender partners. Lying has always been part of communication as it improves self-presentation. Both male and female are perceived to be equally prone to try to manage their appearances, motivations, eagerness, and strategies. The psychological part of the study showed the variance of acceptability of deception in sexes.

Wade, L. (2013). The New Science of Sex Difference. Sociology Compass, 7(4), 278-293. doi: 10.1111/soc4.12028

This journal discusses the neural perspective of sex acceptability of deception. Deception is complicated and cognitive process and therefore it has likelihood to be influenced by sex. Research in the journal have shown sex differences in various cognitive tasks (Wade, 2013). The journal demonstrate men as risk takers than women. Even among preschool pupils, research have shown that girls are better than boys in avoiding forbidden objects hence showing greater compliance with the parent's requests. The journal indicates that women have ability of multi-tasking. The multitasking nature of the female gender makes them have a high rate of deception acceptability. This neural perspective shows that females have the high ability to the acceptability of deception.

References

Fominykh, A., & Zyryanova, N. (2016). Sex differences in the structure of deception detection.

Guadagno, R., Okdie, B., & Kruse, S. (2012). Dating deception: Gender, online dating, and exaggerated self-presentation. Computers In Human Behavior, 28(2), 642-647. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2011.11.010

Gu, H., Wen, Z., & Fan, X. (2017). Structural validity of the Machiavellian Personality Scale: A bifactor exploratory structural equation modeling approach. Personality And Individual Differences, 105, 116-123. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2016.09.042

Vrij, A., Mann, S., & Leal, S. (2013). Deception Traits in Psychological Interviewing. Journal Of Police And Criminal Psychology, 28(2), 115-126. doi: 10.1007/s11896-013-9125-y

Wade, L. (2013). The New Science of Sex Difference. Sociology Compass, 7(4), 278-293. doi: 10.1111/soc4.12028