Paper Sample on Understanding Arterial Disorders: Diagnosis, Symptoms, Treatment

Introduction

Disorder Common Diagnosis and its accompanying symptoms. Pathophysiology and etiology of the disorder. Treatment including medications, surgeries, and education.

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Arterial Disorders

Usually, a common diagnosis of Arterial Disorders starts with a physical examination. Here the healthcare provider will probably ask for the common symptoms the patient is experiencing. The physical examination includes the Ankle-brachial index (ABI)-for the comparison of blood pressures in the arms and feet to determine how well the blood flows (Hayreh & Zimmerman, 2017). Also, in case an abnormality in blood pressures in the ankle and arm is revealed, then the doctor can resort to Doppler and Ultrasound imaging, Angiography, among other tests.

The accompanying symptoms here include but not limited to: a painful muscle cramping in the lower extremities, wounds on the foot or toe that heal at a languid pace, decrease in temperature on the lower leg or foot as compared to the rest of the body. Arterial disorders like Peripheral artery disease are often caused by atherosclerosis. It is where fatty coagulations or plaques build up to block the flow of blood on the artery walls.

Regarding its pathophysiology, such as arterial disorder, comes as a result of the blockage of arteries (Hayreh & Zimmerman, 2017). The most common and extreme clinical condition is critical limb ischemia (CLI), linked to the loss of limb loss or mortality because of cardiovascular activities. In cases where there is claudication, angioplasty, or surgery might be used to treat the disorder (Epshtein, 2016). For peripheral artery disease, bypass surgery can be used, but most generally, thrombolytic therapy is administered for treatment.

Vascular Disorders

The doctor can use Non-Invasive Vascular testing, Duplex Ultrasound, or even the Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI) to diagnose the disease (Borrelli et al., 2018).

The symptoms include painful cramping in the calf muscles after doing some activities or on the thighs and hips, leg weakness and numbness and coldness in the lower extremities. These disorders would manifest in the form of heart attacks, strokes, or lower extremity occlusive disease. Atherosclerosis is a common disorder in the arterial tree, and it manifests due to cigarette smoking, diabetes mellitus, or hypertension (Borrelli et al., 2018). However, not all people with such risk factors develop plaques. Mortality and morbidity are usually caused by localized plaque deposition at some critical areas in the arterial tree.

The disorders are generally caused by blockage of the blood vessels, atherosclerosis, vasculitis, or an injury of the vessels. Here, people must be sensitized through education that such disorders can be treated with lifestyle change. For example, a healthy diet is critical for lowering blood sugar/cholesterol. Also, engaging in exercise and quitting tobacco are equally important (Epshtein, 2016). Alternatively, patients can use cholesterol medicines, drugs for blood pressure, and blood clots.

Cardiogenic Shock

Because Cardiogenic Shock causes blood pressure, the doctor can use catheterization for its common diagnosis, and to check the amount of blood, the heart is pumping in a single beat. Also, Electrocardiogram is used to record the electrical activity of the heart (Van Diepen et al., 2017). Blood tests can also be conducted to establish the level of oxygen in the blood and the damages in organs like kidney and liver.

The common symptoms are intense breathing, extreme shortness in breath, and tachycardia. The primary defect is generally as a result of reduced perfusion of tissues. When perfusion is decreased with the decline of oxygen transportation to cell tissues, for aerobic metabolism, the cells undertake anaerobic metabolism. This increases carbon dioxide production and elevates blood lactate levels(Van Diepen et al., 2017).

This condition is generally caused by heart conditions like heart failure, chest injuries, side effects of medicine, plus other conditions that thwart the free flow of blood through the heart. Patients can use Dopamine and dobutamine as drugs of choice to improve cardiac contractility. Also, Fluids and plasma, administered through an IV and other medicines can improve the pumping ability of the heart (Epshtein, 2016).

Infectious Disorders

To diagnose these disorders, doctors usually apply multiple tests, commonly known as immunologic tests, to detect antibodies produced by the patient's immune system while responding to the microorganism (Verzì et al., 2018).

Commonly, these disorders exhibit symptoms like fatigue, fever, coughing, diarrhea, and muscle aches. The pathogenesis of infectious disorders mirrors the link between the human host, the infectious microbial, and the ecology (Verzì et al., 2018). They usually happen when such infectious agents are induced into the host body from an environment or when endogenous agents overpower innate host immunity, thereby causing disease.

Conclusion

The disorders are usually caused by viruses, fungi, parasites, and bacteria. Antibiotics are used if the infection is bacterial. Viral infections are quite complicated, but treatable ones can be treated by supportive therapies like rest or fluid intake (Epshtein, 2016). However, most patients usually benefit from antiviral medications such as oseltamivir phosphate. In cases of fungal and parasitic infections, drugs like fluconazole and mebendazole are used to serve as antifungal and ant parasitic medications, respectively.

References

Borrelli, E., Sarraf, D., Freund, K. B., & Sadda, S. R. (2018). OCT angiography and evaluation of the choroid and choroidal vascular disorders. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research, 67, 30-55. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350946218300223

Epshtein, O. I. (2016). U.S. Patent No. 9,303,091. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. https://patents.google.com/patent/US9303091B2/en

Hayreh, S. S., & Zimmerman, M. B. (2017). Ocular arterial occlusive disorders and carotid artery disease. Ophthalmology Retina, 1(1), 12-18. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2468653016300124

Van Diepen, S., Katz, J. N., Albert, N. M., Henry, T. D., Jacobs, A. K., Kapur, N. K., & Thiele, H. (2017). Contemporary management of cardiogenic shock: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation, 136(16), e232-e268. https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/cir.0000000000000525

Verzì, A. E., Lacarrubba, F., Dinotta, F., & Micali, G. (2018). Dermatoscopy of parasitic and infectious disorders. Dermatol Clin, 36(4), 349-58.