Nurse-Patient Affair: The 5-Phase Nursing Care Process - Essay Sample

Introduction

According to Orlando’s theory, the nursing care process should be a nurse-patient affair where the patient is involved in the planning for his/her care. Devising the care plan mainly involves five phases; assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation and evaluation. In the assessment stage, the nurse is included in collecting information from the patient through either interviewing, observing or taking measurements. Apart from checking the physical health, such as auscultation, palpation, and percussion, the nurse should also ask essential questions about the patient's social life, behavior, and mental state. This should be a patient to nurse basis and done in secret. (Delaune & Ladner, 2002)This is evident as in the practice exemplar where the nurse, apart from checking Krystal's physical health expels her boyfriend from the room and interviews Krystal about her social life and finds out that she is involved in an abusive relationship from her partner. Hence the nurse was able to find out the distress in Krystal's behavior and draw a care plan in line with the needs of the patient.

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A Family Plan Care for Sam

In the development of a care plan, Orlando's theory proposes the five stages in nursing care: assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluation. Following the case study of Sam and Susan, the following is their family plan of care;

Assessment Family Diagnosis Goals and Outcome Nursing Intervention Evaluation

1. The patient shows early signs of Alzheimer
2. The patient has trouble seeing
3. Experiences loss of appetite The house was clean and orderly

Yard Needed Attention

Unopened mail was piled up Identify and recognize the problems that exist in the care of Sam and discuss measures that need to be undertaken Discuss with the family the possible changes that need to take place such as the cleaning of the yard Name the possible changes in their environment

Exploring the 1950s and 1960s in the U.S

The 1950s marked the post-world war two ‘boom,' as most countries were trying to rebuild America was experiencing its boom. The boom experienced a record number of newborn babies; it’s approximated that over 4 million babies were born yearly. In 1964 there existed over 77 million newborn, this was due to the belief of prosperity and peace in the coming years that would be experienced after the war. (Brender & Pisani, 2018)In the '50s and 60’s the Gross National Product (GNP) of America almost doubled from 200 billion dollars to over 500 billion dollars due to increased government expenditure in projects such as the 1956 Highway Act that pave the way for the construction of more than 60 000km of roads linking towns and cities. The rate of unemployment was on an all-time low of 14 %, which increased the purchasing power of the population as wages were high, accompanied by a low rate of inflation. The increase in purchasing power and the baby boom resulted in the emergence of suburbs as they were ideal for young families coupled with affordable mortgages. (Brender & Pisani, 2018)More people in the society during the 1950s started speaking up against racial inequality and injustice. This led to the emergence of a new phenomenon of the civil rights movement. They protested and boycotted against racial segregation; for instance, with the arrest of Rosa Parks, a human rights activist led to a 13-month boycott of public transport mostly by black communities. The 1960s was graced by JF Kennedy, who was trying to end injustice and poverty by setting up a list of programs, in what was termed as 'a hand up, not a hand out.' The feminist movement emerged as men came back from the war and re-established themselves as breadwinners. Women wanted a more fulfilling life with purpose, not just bearing children.

Culture in the 1950s was marked by the emergence of pop culture, with a television playing a significant role in enhancing it. It is estimated that more than 4 million families owned a station set at home, with each family spending 4-5 hours watching tv a day. In the music industry, a new style influenced by African blues emerged called Rock and Roll spearheaded by Elvis Presley as king of rock and roll. In the movies, Marilyn Monroe graced the Hollywood movie industry. (Halliwell, 2007)Nursing During the 1950s and 1960s

Nursing during the 1950s was characterized by long hours, poor living conditions, job instability, few days off and low income. Which lead to constant industrial strikes to air out their grievances. The responsibility of most nurses was bedside care, which involved recording vital signs, assessing the patient's general status, observing signs and assisting physicians with diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. In the 1950’s nurses uniforms constituted of folded simple hats, dresses being knee-high with short sleeves. This changed in the 1960s as the dress became lower and washed by washing machines. Nurses were not accorded the same respect as doctors. Doctors were viewed as gods, and nurses had to get up whenever a doctor passed by or entered a room. Nurses were not allowed to correct doctors even if they prescribed something wrong. (Lampert, 2018)Influential Accomplishment in Nursing Theory from the 1950’s and 60’s

At the start of the late 1950s through to the 1960’s researchers, educators, nurse theorists and scholars were in a rush to develop nursing theories to establish nursing as a scholarly profession. This was done due to direct experience in practice for the improvement of the nursing process and patient care. During the pre-1950’s, nursing was mainly derived from social, biological and medical theories. The primary nursing theories In the 1950s and 1960s included; Hildegard Peplau's theory on interpersonal theory, Virginia Henderson's opinion on the need theory and Ida Jean Orlando's theory on nursing process theory. (Tobell, 2018)The nursing theory started in 1952 with the publishing of Peplau’s book, in which she explained the personal relationship between nurses and patients. She insisted on reducing patients' anxiety through an interpersonal relationship with the patient as both have the same goal. The theory establishes that the sole purpose of nursing is helping the patient identify their felt distresses. (Snowden, Duffy, & Donnell, 2010)Virginia Henderson proposed nursing care based on the patients’ needs adopted from Abraham Maslow’s theory on the hierarchy of needs. Henderson's theory proposed four major components: individual, environment, patient's health and nursing. She emphasized increased patients interdependence for enhanced recovery. (Grundstrom, 2015)Orlando’s theory focused on the admission of care to patients based on the patients’ needs, established through effective interpersonal interaction with the patient. According to Orlando, a person becomes in need of nursing care when he/she becomes distressed due to being unable to meet his/her needs. She proposed that nurses needed to assess patients due to some patient’s inability to express their needs adequately, which may lead to the patients increase in distress. Orlando’s nursing process involves five stages of assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation and evaluation that run systematically. Where after assessment, the nurses propose a care plan to relieve the patient's distress and, after evaluation, the pain is still evident, and the process starts all over again. (Delaune & Ladner, 2002)

References

Brender, A., & Pisani, F. (2018). The American Economy; A European View. Paris: Center for European policy studies.

Delaune, S., & Ladner, P. (2002). Fundamental of nursing, standard and practise. New York: Thompson.

Grundstrom, N. (2015, July 28). History of Nursing Theories: The 1950's. Retrieved from Prezi: http://prezi.com

Haapoja, A. (2014). The Nursing Process, a Tool to Enhance Clinical Curve. Vaasa: Novia.

Halliwell, M. (2007). American Culture in the 1950s. Manchester: Edinburgh University Press Ltd.

Lampert, L. (2018). Nursing In The 1960's. Retrieved from scrubsmag: http://www.scrubsmag.com

Snowden, A., Duffy, T., & Donnell, A. (2010). Pioneering theories in nursing. London: Huntington Cambridgeshire.

Tobell, D. A. (2018). Nursing's Boundary Work: Theory Development and the Making of Nursing Science, 1950-1980. Carlifornia.