Health Promotion Model: A Comprehensive Review - Essay Sample

Introduction

Pender-health promotion model is one of the most critical theoretical frameworks developed by Dr. Nola Pender and used globally not only for research but also for education and practice (Aqtam & Darawwad, 2018). Pender-health promotion framework emphasizes on health promotion as a critical step towards increasing the level of a patient's well-being (Khodaveisi, Soltanian, Farokhi, & Soltanian, 2018). This paper provides a comprehensive review of the health promotion model and describes its application in the nursing practice of screening cigarette smoking and providing replacement therapy.

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Purpose

According to Aqtam and Darawwad (2018), the purpose of Pender-health promotion model is to help people attain higher levels of well-being. The theory encourages health professionals to offer positive resources to help patients achieve specific behavioural changes. As a result, the goal of Pender-health promotion model is not just about helping patients and people, in general, to prevent illness through their behaviours (Khodaveisi et al., 2018), but to look at how an individual can pursue ideal health.

Concepts and Conceptual Definitions

Pender-health promotion model consists of three concepts, including the characteristics and experiences of an individual, cognitions and effects that are specific to certain behaviours, and their corresponding behavioural outcomes (Aqtam & Darawwad, 2018). Individual characteristics and experiences refer to the unique personal attributes that affect people's actions. Cognitions, on the other hand, are the variables that are specific for certain behaviours. Therefore, it is possible to change such variables through appropriate nursing actions. The health-promoting response is also a critical concept of Pender's theory and refers to the desired behavioural outcomes that people changing their risky practices must depict (Heydari & Khorashadizadeh, 2014). Such behaviours should lead to better health, improved functional ability and enhanced quality of life at every stage of human development.

Theoretical Statements

Pender-health promotion model has various theoretical statements, which provide the foundation for investigating work on people's health behaviours (Khodaveisi et al., 2018). The first statement ascertains that previous action alongside people's inherited and acquired characteristics influence their beliefs, affect, and the execution of the desired health-promoting behaviour. Secondly, people tend to commit to engaging in practices in which they expect to derive personally valued benefits. Thirdly, different perceived obstacles can constrain individuals' commitment to action. Fourthly, self-efficacy to execute a particular behaviour increases the probability of a person's responsibility to action and the real performance of the intended behaviour (Heydari & Khorashadizadeh, 2014). Lastly, higher levels of perceived self-efficacy lead to limited perceived barriers to specific health behaviour.

Structure and Linkages

There are various structure and linkages that link multiple concepts of the Pender-health promotion theoretical framework. According to Heydari and Khorashadizadeh (2014), the three significant ideas exist in various categories, which are critical in linking one structure to another. Such sub-concepts include personal factors, perceived benefits of the action, situational factors, interpersonal variables, and the activity-related effect. Individual factors include psychological, socio-cultural, and biological variables that impact one's behaviour and refer to the anticipation of a particular act formed after putting into consideration the target behaviour. Perceived benefits of an action, on the other hand, are the desired positive outcomes that result from positive outcomes. Activity-related is the perceived positive or negative emotions that occur concerning the stimulus aspects of the desired behaviour. In contrast, interpersonal influences consist of the norms as well as modelling and refer to the cognition associated with actions, attitudes, or beliefs of others (Aqtam & Darawwad, 2018). Lastly, situational influences are individual aspects and cognitions that can either promote or delay the adoption of the desired behaviour.

Assumptions

Pender-health promotion model works on four assumptions. First, the model assumes that people strive to control their behaviours. Secondly, people work to improve their lives and their environment (Khodaveisi et al., 2018). Thirdly, health practitioners, such as doctors and nurses, make up the interpersonal environment that affects individual behaviours. Lastly, people's self-initiated change and environmental attributes are critical in changing behaviour.

Nursing Implications

Pender-health promotion model has a far-reaching implication in the field of nursing. The model can be useful when applied in the practice of cigarette smoking and the provision of replacement therapy (Heydari & Khorashadizadeh, 2014). First, the nursing team must educate the target population of cigarette smokers on the dangers that exist as a result of their health behaviour. Secondly, the target individuals must develop self-efficacy and realize the benefits associated with quitting smoking and utilizing replacement therapy. Lastly, the affected smokers can adopt the new behaviours depending on their actions, their environment, and the availability of health professionals as well friends and family members to help them attain the new practice (Aqtam & Darawwad, 2018). Therefore, the model can support improved patient outcomes while defining the role of nurses as change agents to help cigarette smokers to utilize the new therapy and sustain the desired behaviours.

Conclusion

Pender-health promotion model remains one of the most critical models in bringing about positive health outcomes among individuals and their families. The model views health as a positive dynamic condition as opposed to being the absence of disease or infirmity. Hence, the effective use of this model can be critical in promoting healthy behaviour practices in typical society, as discussed in this paper.

References

Aqtam, I. & Darawwad, M. (2018). Health promotion model: an integrative literature review. Open Journal of Nursing, 8(7), 11-20. Retrieved from https://m.scirp.org/papers/86144.

Heydari, A. & Khorashadizadeh, F. (2014). Pender's health promotion model in medical research. Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, 64(9) 1067-1074. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265301032_Pender's_health_promotion_model_in_medical_research.

Khodaveisi, M., Omidi, A., Farokhi, S., & Soltanian, A. R. (2018). The effect of Pender's health promotion model in improving the nutritional behavior of overweight and obese women. International Journal of Community Based Nursing and Midwifery (IJCBNM), 5(2), 165-174. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5385239/.