Essay Example on Obesity Epidemic: Diet, Exercise & Bariatric Surgery

Introduction

Obesity in contemporary society has become an epidemic issue due to the effects it has on the health of the people. Obesity treatment methods include a change in diets and participation in physical activities. When these methods fail, Bariatric surgery is used since it proves as the most efficient method of attaining sustainable weight loss, especially in serious health situations. The surgery may lead to patients reducing the amount of food they eat and changing the body's capability to absorb some of the nutrients that lead to obesity-Bariatric surgery on the gut system considered to have significant effects on gut microbiota. The surgery aims at changing the environment and conditions in the stomach and the intestines to reduce weight to individuals who are obese. The success of bariatric surgery depends on the gut microbiota composition, diversity, and pH levels. Bariatric surgery changes the metabolism of bile acids, changes, pH, and change in some microbial hormones lead to sustainable weight loss.

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Keywords: bariatric surgery, obesity treatment methods

Background

The human gut hosts hundreds of millions of microorganisms. The microorganisms located at different points of the digestive tract, with the most significant number residing in the large intestine (Kastl et al, 2020) (The adult human intestine is colonized by more than 1000 microbial species encompassing all domains of life: archaea, bacteria, and eukarya. The large intestine harbors approximately 1010-1011 colony-forming units (CFU)/mL, the composition and dynamics of which have been described previously). The microorganisms created with the capability of withstanding the violent operations existing in the digestive system. In the stomach, lactobacillus and streptococcus exist due to their acid-resistance capabilities. Scientific experiments on mice and rats have indicated a relationship between microbiota and health issues such as obesity. The scientists in these experiments concluded a connection between some of the microbiome and obesity (Illiano et al, 2020) (The intestinal microbial community that inhabits the human gut counts more than 100 trillion microbial cells (~ 4 9 1013), lives in a mutualistic relationship with its host and is a key contributor to host metabolism, for instance by producing vitamins and others metabolites necessary to the host's physiology.) These studies influenced the study of the human microbiome. Previous research and recent research on the role of the gut microbiome on metabolic diseases fluctuate. The research indicates differences in the number of microbiomes found and individuals. Apart from the number of microbiomes, the conventional research microbiomes between individuals indicating the need for more research on the effects of microbiomes on the body.

Obesity treated using various methods, including a change in diets and participation in physical activities. When these methods fail, Bariatric surgery is used since it proves as the most efficient method of attaining sustainable weight loss, especially in serious health situations. The surgery may lead to patients reducing the amount of food they eat and changing the body's capability to absorb some of the nutrients that lead to obesity (Campisciano et al, 2020) (An unhealthy diet impacts gut microbial composition, triggering oncogenic transformation, conducive to the alteration of metabolic pathways, including insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, unbalanced level of growth factors, adipocytokines and steroid hormones [6]). The surgery involves inducing a change in the surroundings and the systematic factors in the digestive system. The changes induced affect the composition of gut microbiota. The impact the surgery has on microbiota determined the success of the surgery in weight loss. Despite the effectiveness of the surgery to weight loss, different patients react differently to the surgery. These differences link to the gut microbiomes composition differences between people. Various studies developed to determine the relationship between bariatric surgery and gut microbiota. The studies discussed in this paper focus on the role of microbiomes on the success rate of bariatric surgery.

Chapter I Changes in Gut Microbiota Composition after Bariatric Surgery

Obesity in contemporary society has become an epidemic issue due to the effects it has on the health of the people. Individuals have adapted an unhealthy eating lifestyle that has resulted in individuals gaining weight and increased disorders relating to obesity. Type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome are directly associated with obesity. Besides, numerous studies have reported the presence of the microbiota as a critical component in the etiology of obesity. Ideally, the primary treatment intervention for obesity is medical nutrition and physical therapy for obesity enhancement. Other than these treatments, bariatric surgery has been critical treatment form. After its application, studies have reported that individuals lose their body weights after the surgery, which mainly takes place within the bile acids metabolism, in the gastric pH as well as in the microbiota. It is critical to note that the gut microbiome is natural microorganisms that live in the human digestive system and have a substantive effect on the health of an individual. The gut microbiome influences the metabolism process in the human body and connects with weight gain and weight loss. Medical scientists have applied surgeries aimed at altering the digestive system to help individuals lose weight. Surgeries aimed at weight loss and gastric bypass are known as bariatric surgery. It further changes the environment and conditions in the stomach and the intestines to reduce weight to individuals who are obese Gut microbiome and bariatric surgery affect obesity and metabolic diseases in humans. Gut microbiotas are connected to the development of obesity and influence the success of bariatric surgery.

References

Campisciano, G., De Manzini, N., Delbue, S., Cason, C., Cosola, D., Basile, G., Ferrante, P., Comar, M., &Palmisano, S. (2020). The obesity-related gut bacterial and viral Dysbiosis can impact the risk of colon cancer development. Microorganisms, 8(3), 431, 7. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8030431.

Illiano, P., Brambilla, R., &Parolini, C. (2020). The mutual interplay of gut microbiota, diet and human. The FEBS journal, 287, 839. https://doi.org/10.1111/febs.15217.

Kastl Jr, A. J., Terry, N. A., Wu, G. D., &Albenberg, L. G. (2020). The structure and function of the human small intestinal microbiota: current understanding and future directions. Cellular and molecular gastroenterology and hepatology, 9(1), 33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmgh.2019.07.006.