Transnational Feminism: Global Networks, Movements & Organizations - Research Paper

Introduction

Transnational feminism denotes the present-day feminist paradigm, together with the corresponding activist undertaking. They mutually play a role in finding how globalization and capitalism impact people across races, nations, sexualities, and classes. Recently, women's activism has taken an international dimension. Transnational feminism has been debated over a wide range of subjects: how to develop networks, movement, and organization that will acknowledge the difference that and issues concerning women. Moreover, how to deal with concerted political action. It has fueled a surge in transnational events in feminist groups and transforms how women carry out their studies, international relation, and sociology.

Is your time best spent reading someone else’s essay? Get a 100% original essay FROM A CERTIFIED WRITER!

Save 25%

Laws and Governmental Policies

Social inequality is the interpersonal relationship within the society that limit or harm a group of social class or social status. There are various areas involved in social inequality. This area includes access to health care, education, transportation, vacationing, quality housing, and many other social services and goods. Nevertheless, it also applies to families, neighborhoods, job satisfaction, access to credit, and occupation. Without social equality, discrimination and exclusion negatively impact the poor and disadvantaged groups from social, economic, and political resources. Income inequality is the basis of most social disparities. Laws and governmental policies have tried to ensure that there is social equality in various ways but majorly on income inequality.

First, the government has tried to redistribute resources. Redistribution refers to rearranging income provision to the less privileged. For instance, the welfare program TANF, SNAP, Medicaid, and earned income credit help providing support to the poor. This program is paid through federal income tax. The progressive tax arrangement is planned in a way that a high percentage of income taxes are paid by the rich. The income tax returns report to households showed a case of 1 percent of homes with an ordinary income of $ 1,219,800 yearly in pre-tax income and had to pay a mean rate of 28.9 percent. Congressional Budget Office reports that individuals with higher income have a high average share in federal income taxes.

Moreover, public policy has attempted to create more opportunities. Children do not originate from the same families neither do they attend the same school facilities. Normally, children have an equal chance to develop their desires, talents, efforts, and interests. Government policies and laws are putting effort into providing improved public schools, loans to the needy, upgrading programs for preschoolers, internships, and apprenticeships.

Another maintenance made concerns the inheritance of taxes, and the United States provides an estate tax. An estate tax is a tax levied to inheritance. It recommends a willingness to limit the amount to be passed on inheritance. Nevertheless, the Center and Policy Priorities showed that estate tax captured only persons parting inheritance of over $ 5.43 million. In addition, there are cash benefits. Such are designed to assist those with low or zero income. It includes contributory and noncontributory benefits. Contributary benefits include job seeker's allowance and retirement pension.

On the other hand, non-contributary benefits include income support, housing benefit, child support, and career benefit. Such does not need the previous contribution. Tests are carried out to ensure individuals are really in need of these benefits. Child benefit id not tested since the benefit is universal, and it is availed to all families having children. There other policies to reduce unemployment as it is the primary cause of poverty. It has been enhanced through the provision of government-sponsored job creation schemes, labor market, monetary or fiscal stimulus, and welfare-to-work schemes.

Gender Inequality

Gender inequality recognizes that men and women have no equal chance and that it impacts on people's living experience. This difference develops from psychology, cultural norms, and biology. Some of this distinction are socially constructed or empirically grounded. Various countries have experienced gender differences and tried to legislate or deal with it.

India

Gender discrimination in India is based on health, economic, education, and political differences. Study shows that gender inequality generally favors men in most realms. The cultural construct of societies in India shows a strong fondness for male children. Female sex selection in abortion is adopted. The report of the census in 2011 shows a decline in the girl population. Also, female literacy is comparatively low in females than males with 65.46 percent and 82.14 percent literacy rate, respectively. Females also not permitted to have combat roles in armed forces. India has done well in political inequalities. As of 2014, parliamentary elections, 65.63 percent women, and 67.09 percent men turnout.

There are significant political and legal reforms that have been made to tackle the issue. For example, the constitution guarantees the right to equality. It is also a participant to the Convention for the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women. Some of the specific reforms include Prenatal Diagnostic Testing Ban, Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace Act, Hindu Succession Act, and Muslim Personal Law Application Act. Organizations include the India Democratic Women's Association, Save Indian Family Foundation, UN Women, and the National Commission on Women.

China

China is one of the socialistic planned economies. It enhanced female entitlement of depopulation and traditional gender roles before 1978. It has emerged as insignificant social issues in the 1990s and 2000s. In 2014, it was ranked 91/187 countries on the United Nations Development Programmer's Gender Inequality Index. Despite this fact, there is still gender biasedness. For instance, in 2014, a report showed that women receive 75.4 percent of payments of what the men receive. Educational background and profession are the base factors of the increased gender wage gap. Women still face discrimination in workplaces, mostly in managerial and highly-paid work.

Most sectors are male-dominated. Also, women have been utilized in the beauty economy. Attractive young women are used to increase profits. In some cases, women of mid to late twenties face pressure from their families to quit working and get married. China announced that the legal system protects women's rights and interests White Paper on Gender Equality) in the year 20005. The acceptance of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action in the UN World Conference on Women have produced a significant impact on gender inequality. Some of the latest programs include the Outline for the Development of Chinese Women and the National Working Committee on Children and Women.

Russia

In 2012, Russia had only 3 out of 19 ministers. Moreover, 11 percent of the deputies were women. In the private sector, women contribute about 3 percent in the level of decision making. In 2013, Russia was ranked 96th in the world classification based on women in the national parliament. According to the 2013 salary analysis, women earned about 30 percent salary than men doing the same job. World Economic Forum handling gender gaps, economic participation, educational attainment, health, survival, opportunity, and political empowerment, ranked Russia 59th out of 135 countries. Such manifests the discrimination that still exists in Russia.

There is plenty of mitigation put in place to help solve gender inequality. The second Eurasian forum, "Women for global security and sustainable development," is held in Russia. Such has brought together representatives from 112 countries to merge social and political forces that will help bring equality in women. Most important is the constitution, which has focused on the initiative of the Women's Union of Russia. Also, strategic documents are being implemented in the Russian Federation meant to benefit women; Concept of the family policy lasting up to 2025.

References

Herr, R., S. (2014). Reclaiming third world feminism: Or why transnational feminism needs third world feminism. Meridians, 12(1), 1-30. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.2979/meridians.12.1.1