Research Paper on Autism in Children: Causes and Symptoms

Introduction

Autism spectrum disorder in children is a type of illness that results and in most cases presents their symptoms through activities such as impaired characters in an individual in the line of social behaviors, communications, spoken language, and also a narrow or full range of unique interests and activities even on the infected party, which are usually carried out on regular basis. Scholars have discovered that the origin of the disease is generally in childhood ages (Chlebowski et al., 2013). It is from this moment that the diseases develop even in the adolescent and eventually in adulthood. Severe and abundant cases of the illness have been linked to people within the age bracket of 5years, indicating how susceptible children are in getting infected with the disease (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).

Nurses and other medical experts who have previously researched the same case have also articulated for the rate of spread of the disorder. For instance, it has been discovered that for every 160 children counted in any region, at least one must be having the autism spectrum disorder ASD (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Besides, sources have it that, in as much as some people with the diseases especially in the adulthood ages, can manage themselves alone, the fact remains that a majority of the infected personnel requires some external care and support given to them throughout their entire lifetime (Chlebowski et al., 2013).

Due to these effect, or stress to offer care and support to the infected people, world health organizations have decided to put strict interventions in place, to help in ensuring that everyone with the disease is identified as early as in the childhood period, so that broader and more congruent decisions are made concerning the activity of offering them with the attitudinal environments, make making things easily accessible to them (Bearss et al., 2015). This decision was reached by the unions of the health organizations led by the world health organization WHO, after some medical experts found that people with ASD are usually too prone to other severe illnesses like stigma, social discrimination, together with occasional violation of their human rights and freedoms.

Problem Statement

Although it has been stated that most studies average the prevalence of the disease to one in every 160 children, some bodies also mandated with performing research, whose data collection method or criterion usually are much more controlled have presented some different figures which are substantially higher than the average prevalence rate quoted in these report. This, therefore, indicates how critical the illness is, and how the standard could potentially rise tremendously in the forthcoming generations if the appropriate controlling measures and strategies are not put in place presently (Rescorla et al., 2019). This report, therefore, aims at researching the adequate facts and critics concerning the ASD disease. This will provide readers with a sort of large shreds of evidence about ASD, and even understand the conflict and evaluation between the existing scholarly sources, presenting varied info about the same study (Rescorla et al., 2019.

Statement of Hypothesis

To be able to achieve the aims and objective of this report effectively, a various hypothesis was formulated to help the readers compare their knowledge attained in the report and the study aims. Some of the hypotheses are stated below:

• People with ASD rarely participate in social activities like regular communication.
• People infected with ASD re less likely to hit the state lifespan.

Proposed Study

This report is directly related to the nursing activities, because, if a deep interrogation is taken in the study topic stated for this research, the pathophysiology is one extended term that would not miss in the process of addressing the illness. In this piece of research, several strategies would be used to ensure that the aims and the hypothesis mentioned and adequately tested and validated either as true or false. First, it is essential to note that primary data collection techniques are two of great necessity in this research, independent values, or, instead, results will be obtained. Then a comparison can now be made using the secondary sources of data, which includes the reports by other scholars and interested researchers.

The administration of questionnaires is one of the data collection criteria that were and are to be used in this report. Additionally, interviews with selected individuals belonging to various groups such as an adult male, female, and adolescent child. By using these two methods, it is easy to assess and record the data obtained and use statistical software like the statistical package for the social sciences or SPPS in making analysis. Because the disease is so prone to the younger ones below the age of 5, the study aims at using the questionnaires in the hospitals to collect the information for newborn babies in 2 consecutive months.

Existing Knowledge

Many studies have been carried out by various scholars in line with the ASD illness. Sources have it that majority who suffer from ASD, are generally prone to diseases such as epilepsy, post-traumatic stress disorder, and also attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (Elsabbagh, Diva, Koh, Kim, Kauchali, Marcin & Yasamy, 2012). So, for instance, if one is suffering from ASD and contacts ADHD in the process of treatment. The original disease becomes so hard to identify, to an extent that the patient only presents the symptoms in the late stages when now treatment is almost either too expensive that only a given portion of population can afford or entirely uneasy for treat, regardless of the social, economic status of the parents and or the caretakers (Elsabbagh et al., 2012).

The effect is typically triggered by the fact that upon the introduction of the new antibodies for another disease, any test done will only prevail the existence of the second disorder perceived unless the newly introduced antibodies are so weak or infinitesimal to the extent that their effect becomes negligible (Elsabbagh et al., 2012).

Epidemiology

Also, sources have indicated that the test for the disease is too costly and requires the use of expensive equipment. These have become a significant challenge in the second and third world-class countries where the income-per-capita for persons is comparatively low. As a result, the actual prevalence rate of ASD in such a country still does not exist, and any available information is a mere assumption made by scholars based on the collected facts in the states with large economies such as the UK, where the studies on ASD have been completed.

Causes of ASD

Numerous scientific pieces of evidence suggest that countless factors usually make children more susceptible to contact with ASD. Among these factors include regular vaccination to the children. Studies have further revealed how this is made possible by explaining that some inactivated vaccines, which are usually used by some doctors or nurses, maybe containing aluminum adjuvants, which are very harmful when a contact is made with the body cells, especially the brain cells (Dyer, 2010).

Assessment and Management for the ASD Patients

One of the most convenient intervention strategy that has been suggested by more than ten scholars is that to prevent this high prevalence the health organizations in collaboration with the world health organization should strengthen the quality of health centers by availing testing equipment's so that, children are tested as early as during birth, and consistently during the periods for offering vaccinations (Maisonneuve & Floret, 2012). Early tests ensure that the high spreading rate below the age of 5years is dealt with, as kids below the age of 5 frequently attend hospital regularly for various analyses (Dyer, 2010).

Critical Review

Despite the articles and reports that scholars have presented to act as secondary resources of information on the causes of ASD, the present researchers have insisted that, an assumption that vaccines could be containing aluminum adjuvants is an extreme lie, and that even if that was the case, then less than three occasions in the whole universe have been identified since the introduction of nursing testing equipment in the late 17th century. So the minute similar scenario cannot be used to support the evidence behind the one infected people per 160 results (Lee, 2005). According to them, this reasoning is a mere assumption and even a controversy towards when explaining the prevalence rate.

Besides, recent studies have gone deeper to give a more comprehensive intervention method of making assessment and management for the ASD infected patients (Newschaffer, Croen Daniels Giarelli, Grether, Levy & Reynolds, 2017). Training of doctors on the best ways of handling children and offering the additional training to the parents and caregivers of the ASD infected patients is the essential component amongst all according to (Newschaffer et al., 2017). In other words, it sounds meaningless for the world health organization to supply testing equipment's and ensure that every hospital possesses them, without offering a prior training on how to use them, and even how the caretakers at home should handle them, upon a positive result test in any of the approved medical centers.

References

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5). American Psychiatric Pub. Retrieved from https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=-JivBAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PT18&dq=American+Psychiatric+Association.+(2013).+Diagnostic+and+statistical+manual+of+mental+disorders+(DSM-5%C2%AE).+American+Psychiatric+Pub.+&ots=ceUT24PHt6&sig=vS-U0pdJttY845enfd9Rv8kJiJM

Bearss, K., Johnson, C., Smith, T., Lecavalier, L., Sweezy, N., Aman, M., ... & Sukhodolsky, D. G. (2015). Effect of parent training vs. parent education on behavioral problems in children with autism spectrum disorder: a randomized clinical trial. Jama, 313(15), 1524-1533. Retrieved from https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2275445

Chlebowski,C, PhD, Robins,D. L, Ph.D., Barton, M.P, Ph.D., and Fein, D, PhD.(2013). Large-Scale Use of the Modified Checklist for Autism in Low-Risk Toddlers. Pediatrics Apr; 131(4): e1121-e1127. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3608483/?report=reader#!po=76.3158

McStay, R.L, Dissanayake, C., Scheeren, A., Koot, H. M and Begeer, S. (2003). Parenting stress and autism: The role of age, autism severity, quality of life, and problem behavior of children and adolescents with autism. Autism. DOI: 10.1177/1362361313485163

Dyer, C. (2010). Lancet retracts Wakefield's MMR paper. Retrieved from https://www.bmj.com/content/340/bmj.c696.full

Elsabbagh, M., Divan, G., Koh, Y. J., Kim, Y. S., Kaushal, S., Marcin, C., ... & Yasamy, M. T. (2012). The global prevalence of autism and other pervasive developmental disorders. Autism Research, 5(3), 160-179.

Lee, S. H. (2005). Autism spectrum disorders. Retrieved from http://www.esc1.net/cms/lib/TX21000366/Centricity/domain/44/2017-2018%20iln/september%2028%202017/05%20-%20October%20Conferences%20Flyers.pdf

Maisonneuve, H., & Floret, D. (2012). Wakefield's affair: 12 years of uncertainty, whereas no link between autism and the MMR vaccine has been proved. Presse medicale (Paris, France: 1983), 41(9 Pt 1), 827-834. Retrieved from https://europepmc.org/abstract/med/22748860

Newschaffer, C. J., Croen, L. A., Daniels, J., Giarelli, E., Grether, J. K., Levy, S. E., ... & Reynolds, A. M. (2017). The epidemiology of autism spectrum disorders. Annu. Rev. Public Health, 28, 235-258. Retrieved from https://www.annu...