Introduction
The core of personalized medicine is to establish individualized medical treatment and forecast the clinical output of various patients undergoing different treatment procedures (Mini & Nobili 2009). Medical procedures especially the administration drugs are tested on a dense population with the aim to establish a response towards the reaction of medicine (Schwab & Schaeffeler 2012). The primary process that involves an evidence-based medicine approach depends on one variable, the law of determining the mean; therefore, personalized medicine can only be established in one individual since human genotypes are not alike (Mini & Nobili 2009). Pharmacogenetics is an essential element of developing personalized medicine. The primary approach is to establish individualized variables in a medical response in respect of numerous factors, for example, genomics, epigenetics, sex, age, and the patient's traits (Mini & Nobili 2009). Research indicates that almost three decades prior, medical response was discovered to change the genetic diversity in drug-metabolizing urokinase. Bearing that in mind, Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics are approaches used in personalized medicine (Schwab & Schaeffele, 2012). Also, they are used to improve on the quality of drug therapy by eliminating the high scope of adverse reactions. The study of Pharmacogenetics has supported the inherited variance in response to medicine, for example, it has promoted isoniazid and succinylcholine (Mini & Nobili 2009). It is for the above reasons that the essay will focus on the learning outcomes of Pharmacogenetics in personalized medicine.
Genetic principal requirements state that the completion of genome studies is a significant boost to scientific milestone and marks the advanced discovery of the DNA system and function (Mini & Nobili 2009). It has also been termed as a study that provides understanding towards the causes by which humans inherit or develop illnesses. Moreover, its discovery has brought about improvement in human health, variables of long lives, and the mechanism of reducing disabilities and disease severity (Yap 2005). It is stated that the human genomes have almost forty thousand genes. These genes have been characterized and put into a group of one thousand, three hundred and fifty-one single gene disorders. The disorders have been mapped and cloned. With the cloning and the provision of numerous laboratory services, gene therapy was established and currently it is the core cell for therapy (Yap 2005). With gene therapy becoming a significant topic, most scientists and researchers develop the essential role it plays towards addressing ethical challenges (Yap 2005). Moreover, there are several moral principles established and accepted by the developed nations. Some of the ethical principles most patients enjoy are beneficence, confidentiality, and autonomy (Yap 2005). Beneficence allows patients to benefit from the Pharmacogenetics practice or data obtained from observing and doing research on their DNAs. Next, autonomy enables the patients to' DNA test results can be free and disclosed by them. Last, confidentiality, embraces the fact that the patients have the moral rights towards the total privacy of the information.
Also, there are preventive measures for the genetic disorder in case a baby is infected. The preventive measures involve pre-conception therapy, family planning, antenatal testing and diagnostics, and the in vitro fertilization (Yap 2005). Moreover, the study has reduced social complexity issues because of assistance from governments, and information sharing among communities, scientists, and doctors. Therefore, patients socially accommodated. Pharmacologist tests interpret that approximately a thousand gene diseases and the number is expected to grow at a faster rate. To enhance control over these illnesses, genetic variants composed of understanding inter-individual gene test and ancestral roots are among the leading elements considered (Yap 2005). Technology analysis of gene mutations and the modifications are also evolving. Many tests are done under controlled environments, for example, laboratories and specified illnesses have become the priority of most scientists and researchers. Currently, most of the laboratories conduct DNA chips to enhance automated research and analysis of the growing number of diseases (Yap 2005). Shockingly, the laboratory tests and results are doubted by patients due to the practitioner mistakes, misinterpretation of the results and communication. It is indeed unfortunate that the gene experts lack the workforce to cope with the current increase in tests done. Moreover, there have been numerous cases of genetic discrimination (Yap 2005). First, bias is due to the lack of employment opportunities and insurance. Medical and life insurances do not provide the necessary social assist and patients suffer from serious health risks (Yap 2005).
For an individual to understand the regulation system of gene expression, he/she needs to anticipate and acknowledge the manner gene codes for an operational protein in a cell. The gene expression happens in the prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell, but they are not similar. Prokaryotic cells are single-celled organs that do not have a cell nucleus, and their DNA is positioned in the cytoplasm of the cell (Diekmann & Pereira-Leal 2013). Protein synthesis occurs when transcription and translation happen almost at the same time, but transcription stops when the protein is no longer required. The output of the transcription process is the primary approach that determines the type and amount of protein is expressed in the cell regulation system of the DNA (Diekmann & Pereira-Leal 2013). In case more proteins are needed, transcription continuous. In other words, the prokaryotic cells are the dependable variables; therefore, controlling the gene expression of all the transcription stages. Eukaryotic cells, on the other hand, are more complicated due to its intracellular cells. Their DNA is present in the nucleus of the cells, and they are then transcribed into RNA (Diekmann & Pereira-Leal 2013). The RNA is then moved out of the core to the cytoplasm and then to proteins. The nuclear membrane physically separates both processes; therefore, the transcription and translation happen in the nucleus and cytoplasm respectively. The methods that occur in the eukaryotic cells are epigenetic levels, post-transcriptional level, and post-translational level. Moreover, it is right to state that prokaryotic cells can control transcription amount by regulating the gene expression. Most cellular approaches will only arise if it needs to defend itself; thus, the cellular process is termed as gene silencing since it development is due to the protection of the cells from parasites. Lastly, the development and evolution of an organism are due to its survival capabilities and development of a new offspring (Diekmann & Pereira-Leal 2013).
For centuries the topics of pathology and pathophysiology have steered severe debates among researchers and scientists. One of the main features of the debates was the identification of health risk factors and their causes (Crespi, 2016). To create narrow down the topic, researchers and scientist have spent more resources to pursue the genesis of diseases; also termed as pathogenesis. With the intense work, some of the specialists have advanced knowledge on the health risk elements, their causes, and preventive and curative clinical approaches (Guerra 2011). Secondly, the study of molecules and cellular research attracts the attention of medical personnel. The system has changed with the current evolution of diseases; thus, clinical medication depends on gene expression and evolution processes of the genome (Guerra 2011). With the ability to enhance clinical behavior, gene expression has become one of the models of alternating illnesses such as cancer. Moreover, the cell Essay is becoming a more popular topic in gene therapy (Crespi 2016). First, cell Essay establishes the fact that genome re-sequencing is more reliable towards understanding genetic initiated illnesses than genome-wide association study. The project of re-sequencing technology happens to broaden the study of genomes especially understanding the genetic diseases (Crespi 2016). Moreover, molecular pathology is essential topics since it enhances the study of human diseases, especially from hereditary platforms. It is due to the facts that cellular membranes/living organisms have an essential property of reproduction, and due to the element they often mutate as a means of self-protection.
Also, hereditary genetics is present in almost all living organism, and the information they provide is essential towards understanding the parents' structure of functioning. With the idea that biology has more answers towards understanding cells' and organisms' replication and transmission, it enhances on the role of the DNA molecular phases (Crespi 2016). A good example illustrating the above fact is the genetics and chromosome principle deduced by Gregory Mendel (Guerra 2011). The esteemed scientist experimented and wrote a hypothesis on the outcome of the breeding peas in 1865. According to his experiment, he stated that the peas inherited some identified traits; for example, the seed color. With that, he deduced the general policies of their transmission. These traits that he stated are currently known as the inherited genes (Guerra 2011). With such theory, scientists endeavored more in the research and understood that prion illnesses are vital to neurodegenerative status in all living organisms. An excellent example of a disease associated with molecular pathology is Autism spectrum disorder. It is a neuropsychiatric illness diagnosed with children. According to scientific analysis, the disorder was discovered as one of the common heritable illness; hence terming it as gene-based human illness (Crespi 2016). Moreover, gene-based human illnesses are the likes of cancer, arthritis, and cancer that evolve according to the human lineage. Biology plays an essential role in understanding the adaptive connection of the human brain and ways to which it is altered.
Conclusion
To conclude, individualized medical treatment depends on the concepts of Pharmacogenetics since it involves the administration of drugs for denser populated regions to establish reaction responses. The responses are then used as the evidence-based medical approach to variables that can assert various genotypes and how they react to the medication. The elements that are considered during the pharmacology are genomics, sex, age, and the patient traits among others. Also, genetic principles play an essential role towards understanding genomes. With the discovery of DNA systems, humans have discovered that some of the illness is hereditary. Furthermore, the compositions of the genes are substantial, and according to research, there are approximately a thousand diseases with records indicating a higher increase in the next few years. Pharmacology aids in ethical grounds by the provision of beneficence, autonomy, and confidentiality. Social assistance from the government and scientists has helped the patients cope. To some extent there is biasness towards the aid of life and health insurances; thus, leaving patients in dangerous health condition due to lack of funds. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells aid with the cell expression. Prokaryotic are responsible for cell defense during eukaryotic cell development into a new offspring. Besides, pathology and pathophysiology aid in identifying health risk factors. Moreover, they aid in identifying hereditary illnesses, such as cancer, arthritis, and autism spe...
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