Medical Statistics: Applying Stats to Medicine & Health Sciences - Essay Sample

Introduction

The medical statistic is a field that deals with applications of statistics to medicine and the health sciences such as; epidemiology, public health, forensic medicine, and clinical medicine. This statistic has been renowned in the United Kingdom but not recognized in North America that uses the term 'biostatistics. Biostatistics means that it stands for applications for biology(Hemmingway.etal,2016). Medical statistics is a discipline of brief, gathering, giving, and interpreting data in a medicinal rehearsal. This essay describes the medical statistics of malaria disease.

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Statistics of Malaria and Treatment

The science helps in approximating the extent of connotations and check a hypothesis. It also accounts for all biological processes. Malaria is a serious disease caused by parasites. These parasites spread the infections through bites and the parasites are the female Anopheles mosquitoes. This disease is however preventable and it is curable. In 2018, the number of malaria cases that were estimated was 228 million while the number of people that died due to malaria stood at 405 000. In malaria deaths, children of below 5 years are mostly infected by the disease as the figures estimated to 272 000. There are 5 species of parasites that cause malaria disease; Falciparum and p. vivax, these two cause a big threat to humans. Malaria symptoms appear 10-15 days the mosquito bite. The symptoms are headache, fever, and chills. However, these symptoms are hard to recognize that its malaria since they are mild. When these malaria symptoms appear are not treated within 24hours, it may lead to death after a severe illness. The children that have been ill from malaria frequently develop some symptoms such as; unadorned anemia, respiratory pain, or cerebral malaria. Multi-organ failure in adults is more consistent. Maximum malaria disease cases and deaths take place in sub-Saharan Africa. The following group of people is at a very high risk of getting malaria disease. They include `infants, pregnant women, children below 5 years, and HIV/AIDS patients not forgetting the non-immune migrants, mobile populations, and travelers.

Malaria is a disease that should be curb since there are the National malaria control programs that are responsible for taking measures in protecting the residents against malaria. In 2019 there were 228bmillion cases of people affected by malaria as compared to the back years. The WHO African Region shares a great extensive disease burden. In malaria transmitted cases, there are 400 various types of Anopheles mosquitoes 30 of them have relevant. The Anopheles mosquitoes lay eggs in water and hatch into larvae developing as adult mosquitoes. The transmission of the malaria disease depends on the places for the lifespan is longer in intense areas. Climatic conditions also promote the transmission of malaria infection. The climatic conditions are; rainfall, temperature, and humidity.

Malaria rampant is favored when people's immune is low since the immune is an important aspect in humans. Immunity does not completely offer protection, however, it reduces the risk of malaria infections. Vector control is the only way of reducing malaria infections and transmission. In some areas where the vector control is high, a different method of taking measures is given out to the community for protection. There are two vector control measures offered by the WHO to prevent malaria transmission. They include; insecticide-treated mosquito nets and inside occupant spraying. The insecticide-treated mosquito nets reduce the physical contact of mosquito with the humans creating a physical obstruction. Indoor spraying is another way of reducing the rapid transmission of malaria. The insecticide is usually sprayed inside housing structures, maybe once or twice a year.

Indoor residue spraying(IRS) be duty-bound to implement its effective measures on coverage of a high level while globally the IRS safeguarding measures began to decelerate from a topmost 5 percent that was in 2010 to 2 percent in 2018(Ondingo.etal,2018). This deceleration is viewed at regions covered by the World Health Organization (WHO) except for the eastern Mediterranean region. Due to the deceleration of IRS covering regions, some of the regions altered to other more expensive measures for mosquito mitigation on resistance to pyrethroids.

On preventive measures, antimalarial drugs are used for preventing malaria that is mainly used by travelers. Through a process known as chemoprophylaxis, acts as a preventive measure of malaria. On the malaria blood-stage, the chemoprophylaxis suppresses the infections. The WHO looks for pregnant women that live in the highly transmissive regions to uses intermit shielding treatment that consists of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine on planned visits which are after one trimester. In 2012, on seasonal malaria chemoprevention recommendation by the WHO is an extra preventive strategy for the sub-Sahel region in Africa. It mainly consists of the entire monthly administrative courses of a mixture of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine and amodiaquine that is given to children under the age of 5 years for the period of great transmission. Progressively on malaria control measures since 2000, it has expanded to accessible interventions on vector control specifically on sub-Sahara in Africa. Nevertheless, these achievements have been hindered by the arising resistance to insecticides by the Anopheles Mosquitoes but conversely on the emerging resistance and spread of the mosquitoes, treated nets contribute to aiding useful protection in various outmost regions evidently in the 5 large countries. On researches and findings carried out by the WHO, their studies are reassuring while highlighting urgent issues and improvising tools on the global response towards curbing the spread of malaria.

On the other hand, early diagnoses and making treatment lowers the death rate an also aims at lowering the spread of malaria transmission while the best obtainable treatment for instance artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) specifically on p.falciprum. Suspected cases of malaria are highly recommended by the WHO using diagnosis analysis that is based on parasites and afterward administering the drug. When diagnosis testing is carried out, the parasitological results are made available for advisably not as much as 30 minutes. The treatment is given based on parasitological symptoms. The third edition published in April 2015 by the WHO providing comprehensive recommendations.

Conclusion

The WHO response to the global control and prevention of malaria adopts the creation of a global technical strategy for malaria 2016-2030 that is aimed at providing technical assistance for malaria-affected states(Ondingo.etal,2016). The strategy is meant to provide support on regional to state programs working on the elimination and control of malaria. These supports include lowering at least 90 percent; on malaria mortality, malaria case incidences, eradicating malaria on 35 states, safeguarding all countries to be malaria-free by 2030 respectively. This is through the support given by the Malaria Policy Advisory Committee (MPAC). Its mandate is on malaria elimination and control that bases its principles that nobody should die from malaria which is treatable per accessible treatments.

References

Ondigo, B. N., Muok, E. M., Oguso, J. K., Njenga, S. M., Kanyi, H. M., Ndombi, E. M., ... & Colley, D. G. (2018). Impact of mothers’ schistosomiasis status during gestation on children’s igg antibody responses to routine vaccines 2 years later and anti-schistosome and anti-malarial responses by neonates in Western Kenya. Frontiers in immunology, 9, 1402. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2018.01402/full

Hemingway, J., Shretta, R., Wells, T. N., Bell, D., Djimdé, A. A., Achee, N., & Qi, G. (2016). Tools and strategies for malaria control and elimination: what do we need to achieve a grand convergence in malaria?. PLoS biology, 14(3). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4774904/