Essay Example on Mode of Delivery and Asthma Development: A Global Perspective

Introduction

Mode of delivery and their relationship with asthma development have been a topic of interest by many researchers. Asthma a heterogeneous disease; it is complex and is associated with significant environmental and genetic components that are observed within diverse patterns of immune response system and clinical features. the prevalence of this disease has dramatically increased in most places across the globe. Vaginal and cesarean modes of delivery have been linked to the development of asthma as a result of environmental factors and level of hygiene during childbirth. However, these two modes present different characteristics as they relate to asthma development. The prevalence of newborn babies with asthmatic symptoms have significantly increased s result of the exposure to causative agents during birth. Newborn delivered through Cesarean section is at a high risk of developing asthma as compared to those infants delivered through vaginal mode.

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Cesarean rain mode of delivery is more likely associated with mothers with other health or lifestyle issues that act as obstacles during the delivery process. Therefore, some of the interventions used to facilitate the delivery process using this mode increase the chances of asthma development. During a vaginal delivery, a mother is likely to pass a bacterium that may help to prevent asthma, and as a result, the development of these diseases among vaginally delivered babies is low. Many researchers suggest that vaginal delivery may be one of the best and safe delivery modes is it reduces the chances of asthmatic conditions among the newborn. This disease is a chronic inflammatory infection that affects respiratory components, and it is chattered by an abnormal immune response, which leads to obstruction of airways. Cesarean mode of delivery is associated with late microbial colonization, and familial factors such as allergic features possess by their parents. Cesarean delivery has a direct negative impact on the immune system of the infant leading to child's vulnerability to conducting wheezing conditions. Asthma is one of the diseases that has dramatically affected child's development as it is associated with delivery process, healthcare cost these children cause a burden for the family and affect the quality of life because once a child has developed this disease, series of treatment and patient care practices must be implemented to sustain the situation. This paper provides a systematic review of literature regarding the modes of delivery and their relationship with asthma development.

Methods

Search Strategy

In this study, a systematic review of various literature based on the topic, mode of delivery, and asthma development, a search of different scientific sources of articles was performed through electronic databases (PubMed). The search focused on the vaginal and caesarian mode of delivery and their impacts on the development of asthma of the newborn. Most of the articles identify some of the factors that are critical to the delivery process and their impacts on asthmatic conditions. To optimize the results, the search was restricted to the two modes of delivery and article published within the last five years. These articles share standard views and methods of research used to uncover the topic.

Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria

This research has been conducted through electronic search, critical analysis of abstracts from various articles was conducted to help in choosing the articles with relevant information, and proper criteria based on the topic. The studies are in the English language, and the participants used it during the research studies were. The research articles used are have used different research methods to conduct and analyses their topics that are relevant to the topic. The articles identify the outcome of the exposure; some of the articles provide a precise comparison between the different modes of delivery and their impacts on asthma prevalence. Based on the article, the Cesarean section is the leading delivery mode with a high risk of asthma development among the infants as compared to vaginal delivery because of direct exposure to respiratory morbidity.

Impacts of Cesarean and Virginal Delivery on Asthma Development

The prevalence of asthma in association with modes of delivery varies; Bosch et al. 2016confirms that C-section is one of the modes of delivery that have substantially been utilized, they emphasize the mode of delivery dramatically influences the development of respiratory infection including asthma. Cesarean delivery affects the ability of microbiota and its capacity to prevent the development of infant diseases. The main factor that explains the cause of this situation is the disruption of child-mother bacterial transfer, which in turn would alter the colonization of microbial bacterium. They affirm that virginal delivery has low chances of contributing to this development as the mother to child bacterial transmission is not altered.

Huang et al. 2015 conducted a meta-analysis of data and identifies that C-section increases the chances of asthma development. Infants delivered through cesarean experience asthmatic conditions at an early age. They affirm that the C-section is the leading model of delivery that puts newborn ta a high risk of developing asthma. The authors identify that elective emergency cesarean delivery expose children to this condition at a high rate as compared to other types of delivery Rivas, Wu et al., 2016, identifies that the rate C-section has significantly been associated with adverse effects, based on the analyses they observed that c-section is commonly used in high-income states. The authors conduct a cohort study based on a population of mother-child relationships during and after delivery.

Zafman et 2019 explores the effects of cesarean delivery and virginal delivery on infants based on their exposure to microbiome during birth. The study uses a mail-based analysis to evaluate the outcome of this exposure using information gathered from women who delivered from conventional maternal-fetal medicine. Based on the other articles searched, this identifier that there is no significant increase in risk factors of pediatric infections such as asthma development in both modes of delivery. Suggests that the virginal fecal microbiome plays a vital role during birth, and it can help to reduce the chances of pediatric health issues based on their study.

Krzych et al. 2018, affirms that allergic factors are not the only factors causing a high risk of asthma; however, the mode of delivery plays a role. They identify that Cesarean delivery deprives an infant of sufficient exposure to Bifidobacterium, Bacteroides, Eubacterium spp, Cladosporium, and Lactobacillus which are responsible for building the immune system by regulating intestinal microbiota. Unlike virginal delivery where mother-child contact is physical, and transfer of these important components occur, cesarean delivery is unsafe and contributes to high rates of asthma and other allergic condition of the newborn. they determined the ratio of c-section (n = 802)- virginal delivery (n = 2,811) was approximately 3:10.

Results

A total of 27 articles were identified; the search provides several articles regarding delivery modes and their relationship with asthma development however most of the article was excluded because they were published in more than five years ago, the inclusion of the articles was based on the year of publication. Ruthe outcome of the selected articles addressed the issue of the two modes delivery, virginal, and caesarian. Their relationship to asthma development, however, varies based on the exposure to causative agents with caesarian being the leading. Five articles were therefore included for review of the literature, and four articles identify that the two modes of delivery are associated with the development of asthma with the newborn and it her allergic conditions as well. Unlike virginal delivery, a cesarean is the leading cause of these conditions because it dramatically distrusts mother-child transfer of health components that helps to promote the immunity of the newborn.

Discussion

The review identifies that cesarean and virginal delivery has a link to asthma development of the newborn; however, a cesarean is the leading model of delivery that presents high-risk factors. Childbirth is a complex process that requires a considerate relationship between the mother and the child to avoid the development of asthma and other allergic conditions. Virginal delivery encourages mother-to-child direct relationship and transfer of important microbiome, which enables a child to develop a robust immune system after birth.

The best way to control asthmatic conditions during infants is by encouraging virginal delivery as it does encourage the immune system immediately after birth. Delayed microbial transmission from mother to child significantly affects a child's development; the association between cesarean delivery and asthma is, however, a topic that requires more research studies as it has not been fully explored. There are many controversial discussions regarding this association despite several research studies that have been conducted to validate this hypothesis. There are various limitations as these articles are at risk if critique, the participants in most of the studies are based on the epidemiological and prevalence; however, the impacts of these modes on asthma development may differ based on location and economic differences. Krzych et al. 2018, attempts identified the most critical elements contributing to the child's immune system and how these factors can significantly prevent the development of asthma and other allergic infections.

In general, the article provides strong evidence supporting the impacts of modes of delivery on asthma development. the evidence shows that cesarean delivery has high risks of asthma development. With this evidence, healthcare organizations must consider the best mode of delivery to avoid adverse health issues associated with c-section. More research on this topic, therefore, is essential to further analyses and explore the impacts of the two modes of delivery on asthma.

References

Bosch, A. A., Levin, E., van Houten, M. A., Hasrat, R., Kalkman, G., Biesbroek, G., ... & Sanders, E. A. (2016). The Development Of Upper Respiratory Tract Microbiota In Infancy Is Affected By Mode Of Delivery. EBioMedicine, 9, 336-345. dio:10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.05.031

Huang, L., Chen, Q., Zhao, Y., Wang, W., Fang, F., & Bao, Y. (2015). Is the elective cesarean section associated with a higher risk of asthma? A meta-analysis. Journal of Asthma, 52(1), 16-25. doi: 10.3109/02770903.2014.952435. Epub 2014 Aug 27

Wu, P., Feldman, A. S., Rosas-Salazar, C., James, K., Escobar, G., Gebretsadik, T., ... & Das, S. (2016). Relative importance and additive effects of maternal and infant risk factors on childhood asthma. PloS one, 11(3), e0151705. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151705. eCollection 2016.

Zafman, K. B., Bergh, E. P., Cohen, N., Odom, E., & Fox, N. S. (2019). The effect of microbiome exposure at birth on pediatric outcomes using a twin cohort discordant for microbiome exposure at birth. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine, 1-7. doi: 10.1080/14767058.2019.1684469. [Epub ahead of print]

Krzych-Falta, E., Furmanczyk, K., Lisiecka-Bielanowicz, M., Sybilski, A., Tomaszewska, A., Raciborski, F., ... & Samolinski, B. (2018). The effect of selected risk factors, including the mode of delivery, on the development of allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma. Advances in Dermatology and Allergology/Postepy Dermatologic I Alergologii, 35(3), 267. doi: 10.5114/ada.2018.76...