Essay Example on Miniaturization - Advancing Medical Tech for Safer Surgeries

Introduction

Miniaturization refers to ways of manufacturing electrical products, small-sized products, optical and reducing them into size using a specific knowledge and experience. Due to the current increase in technology, there is a greater advancement in the medical sectors, especially surgeries. Currently, the Doctors are coming up with more advanced methods to curb the problem that has led to the deaths of many patients suffering from diseases that require surgeries. The condition varies from spinal to pregnancies, tumors, blood pressure, among others. This paper presents more information about ultrasonic surgical devices, transducer, nonlinear vibrations, damping, horns, and temperatures, including the current types of methods for ultrasonic surgery.

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Ultrasonic Surgical Devices

Ultrasonic is the vibrations with ultrasonic frequency for describing high sounds to the human ear for treatment purposes. Ultrasonic devices were first adopted for dentistry purposes in 1952 and expanded rapidly due to the current technology. This adaptation has led to the heavy surgical workload to the surgery sector resulting in easy removal of soft tissues from abnormal growth such as tumors. With the current increase of health complications in the medical industry, ultrasound treatment has greatly helped save lives, especially those suffering from joint pains and different types of tumor diseases. Through these devices, surgeons can carry out many surgeries with minimal damages to the nerves and tissue vessels due to the introduction of high-speed drills.

Ultrasonic machines have a lot of impacts on surgeries. These include low heat, a small force for cutting, and results with high quality and production efficiency, which is also high, making it a more efficient tool during the cutting process. Ultrasonic surgical devices produce perfect hemostasis, less damage in lateral thermal, generating low smoke, including risk-free to patients during the passage of electrical current.

Ultrasonic surgical devices have greatly accelerated both cervical and spinal surgeries, leading to the commercialization of bone-cutting invention-borne operations. The commercial ultrasonic cutting devices are being used for many surgical processes such as the jaw, oral and facial surgeries for capabilities of reducing bone surgeries despite having of the type of the transducer being applied.

The introduction of ultrasonic cutting devices plays a major role by the use of energy manufactured from ultrasonic vibration, which in turn helps in neurosurgeries. A cymbal transducer provides the most precise cut because it is used as a blade and can solve many geometrical problems on the cutting end of Langevin-based sensors. It can perform the cutting best without being rotated, thereby providing the best cut on the bone.

Transducers

Transducer refers to a device responsible for changing inputs such as energy, light, acceleration, including other physical properties into a readable output. The outputs are always in electrical nature and are measured in quantities. Due to advancements in technology in the medical sector, transducers can convert electrical signals into ultrasound waves, hence the name ultrasonic sensors. There are three types of transducers commonly used; convex transducers, linear transducers, and phased array transducers comprising different features.

Ultrasonic transducers play a role in changing electrical energy at a certain frequency set into a mechanical motion that moves at the exact rate of the signal in the electrical input. Transducers are made up of materials with a magnetostrictive effect to aid in converting electrical energy into mechanical energy. Sensors operate in the opposite way known as reverse principles as the one in power transducers to give electrical signals almost at the same vibration level.

Besides, Piezoelectric is the most important element in ultrasonic transducers, and it usually operates at higher frequencies of 100MHz using thin plates coiled around the set thickness to receive ultrasonic waves. Therefore, transducers' results can be obtained within the devices being used for the testing. Currently, Transducers are being used for imaging purposes in the hospitals where sensors receive sound then channel them to the computer; hence the creation of an image is achieved. They always differ in sizes, shapes, and features to produce the desired quality image for the body parts.

Due to advancements in technology in the medical sector, several transducers are being used, but the most common ones for ultrasound are; convex transducers, phased array, and linear sensors. Linear transducers are applicable with 2D or 3D images depending on the frequency being used. In contrast, convex transducers can be used for detailed examination purposes, which can be about organ diagnosis and abdominal details. Its imaging application varies on either 2D or 3D images. Phased array transducers can increase in size depending on the frequency used, but it has poor visibility. This is also applicabble in in examination reasons related to the brain, cardiac, and abdominal examinations.

Nonlinear Vibrations

Nonlinear means changes in dynamic systems associated with physical geometrical structures, material properties, and forces used in a shape or a structure. Nonlinear vibrations systems are usually produced balanced equilibrium compared to methods in linear vibration, which has one state of balance hence may cause the fabrics being used to alternate with each other in unstable characteristics—according to researchers, identifying a behavior in a nonlinear source maybe futile using mathematical structural design because the nonlinear system can come from separate source making it difficult to be grouped.

The material properties like a mechanical quality factor of alloys are used to produce ultrasonic power devices, which depend on the excitation levels to enable the widgets to function. However, transduction materials like Lead zirconate(PZT) produce Duffing-like responses at high excitation levels, which is the driving force of ultrasonic devices, causing loss of efficiency and performance.

The increase in ultrasonic waves is associated with an increase in ultrasound pulse diagnostics. Because of that reason, coming up with a clear outcome about direct results is altered due to nonlinear waves. This is a result of excessive deposits of energy, including the saturation of acoustics. The effects of nonlinear are advantageous in the prediction of in situ exposure when carrying out acoustic experiments. Nonlinear vibration can be analyzed mathematically with the presentation of pre-stretched hyperelastic annular membrane inserted around the boundary inside and outside.

Bypassing the membrane through a harmonic pressure Galerkin method, researchers state that models are reduced for the nonlinear analysis under high vibrations on the amplitude. The results show that nonlinear materials are at a higher risk when exposed to high frequencies, and the level of vibration magnitude becomes low.

Damping for Ultrasonic Services

Damping refers to a mechanical device used to convey ultrasonic vibrations originating from transducers from one end to the other. In engineering, it is also an important tool to control waves, numerical, and acoustical in the analysis. Therefore, there are three sensitive parameters for mechanical dumping medical care; mass, stiffness, and damping required to plan and enhance piezoelectric transducers by numerical representation and verifications by experiments. The major role of Mechanical damping is to absorb energy that gives a positive result on sensors between the media in use.

Besides, there are many damping types, such as; structural dumping, viscous damping, friction damping, and depending on the frequency and relative to a loss in mechanical when it takes place in piezoelectric transducers at a low range of kHz during viscous damping. When carrying out damping experiments, mathematical analysis differentiated with electrical analysis in piezoceramic to find the numerical damping quantity.

Ultrasonic devices can also use the damping method by applying water to dampen the unnecessary vibration when the layer is coated with a sheath. The gap that forms between the wire and sheath is occupied with liquid to cause dissipation of the expected wave, which is longitudinal. This is a result of an increase in Temperature from the fluids being used to produce heat. Therefore it is advisable to keep the apparatus in good condition to aid in damping the vibration on the transmission device that is unwanted for the process.

Surgical devices can do away with the unnecessary vibration to ensure that there are no loopholes incurred around the ultrasonic transmission components. According to some researchers, the results show that there is less damping on metallic devices than non-metallic that affect the transducers' vibration process, leading to low damping.

Horns in Surgery

Considering the topic on surgical devices, cutaneous horns are phenomenal injuries that consist of keratin substances similar to the usually known animal horn. Keratin is the protein substance known for making the topmost layer of the human skin. A cutaneous horn is commonly diagnosed in adults of both genders. In some conditions, it may be more cancerous and noncancerous in some. Cutaneous horns could emerge from the widely known classification of epidermal injuries that may be harmful or malignant. However, it is a clinical diagnosis meaning a con-like projection on the skin surface. The majorly known symptom is the outside appearance on the skin surface, with varying color changes from pink, white, yellow, and even brown. The injuries mostly occur in areas exposed to the sun more so the forehead, nose, ear, and in the forelimbs.

Even though a greater percentage of these lesions are benign, there are high chances of skin cancer infection. The horns vary in shape and size from the cone, cylinder, transverse, and in some cases, curvy like the normal animal horn, which worsens as the horn grows. Some scientists say that the commonly known cause of the horns happens if the person gets radiation exposure that gets into the skin from sunlight. The second possibility of suffering from cutaneous horns is the viral infection of the human papillomavirus found in the human body's epithelial cells. At the same time, other causes may be due to different skin diseases. However, the name does not show any sign of specifying diagnosis pathologically but indicates a high amount of keratin substance.

Scientific research has it that adults in the age brackets of 59 to 69 are at great risks of having cutaneous horn condition, as well as those people with a light complexion—the base of the horn show harmful and dangerous injuries of the cells. Besides, the condition cannot be spread from one person to another because it is not contagious. Therefore, to ensure a proper diagnosis, such an injury must undergo biopsy at the end from where it emerges. But for slight injuries, excision is paramount. The condition needs immediate attention when the following signs are noticed, other emerging horns, extreme pain, and reddish color, hardening of the skin surface, and bleeding of the spot in which it grew.

Temperatures for Ultrasonic Surgery

During ultrasonic surgical processes, Temperature is monitored in different thermocouples depending on the specimen. The thermocouples are embedded in the sample, then placed alongside the specimen cut lines after calibration.