Annotated Bibliography With Critical Introduction on Immigration

Introduction

Immigration is a very polarising aspect of any society attracting various thoughts and feelings amongst multiple stakeholders. Most governments feel threatened by the presence of immigrants, mostly illegal immigrant and through policy-making attempt to come up with a way to keep them at bay. Most scholars have addressed the matter of immigration from a policy-making point of view, with some agreeing on the ineffectiveness of the various policies put in place to govern immigration. These policies are flawed with hints of racist, religious and ethnic profiling.

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Gjelten, Tom. A nation of nations: A great American immigration story. Simon and Schuster, 2015

(Gjelten & Tom,N.p.), in the book vividly explores the impact of the 1995 Immigration Reform Act. The effect of the act on the system is what is addressed. Its enactment brought to an end the practice of saw to the end of the ethnonational origins that were supposedly in place for the preservation of the northern European character in the United States. There was a discrepancy with the American democratic principle of valuing and rewarding each person based on their merits. Most of the people involved in the 1995 reforms to the immigration laws in the United States were fully aware of their actions (Gjelten & Tom,N .P). What they had thought would have been the effect only worked to reduce the number of immigrants that went into the United States from Europe, probably owing to the improvement in Europe's economy.

Cornelius, Wayne A. "Controlling immigration and fighting terrorism: The uncertain connection." Migration & Terrorism: US & European Perspectives Conference, University of California, Davis, CA. 2014.

Some scholars have viewed immigration as a national security issue. (Cornelius & Wayne, N.P), Government has used national security over the year as a justification for immigration control measures. Their measures include the sharing of databases with appropriate stakeholders in the immigration facet. A national presence status system was established where for countries of predominantly Muslim countries. What had been thought to be a move to curb terrorism had only worked to alleviate racial profiling. Then there was the requirement for all persons going to the United States on visits to have their pictures and fingerprints captured both at arrival and departure. The process was operational although only at the airports and for arrivals only. This study captures the moves to reinforce borders. Funds have gone into the reinforcement of boundaries by increasing border patrol and also for hardware enforcement.

Ochoa Espejo, Paulina. "Strangers in Our Midst: The Political Philosophy of Immigration." (2017)

Whether or not states have the right to do as they please with their immigration policies is an aspect of immigration addressed by most writers. Scholars have discussed the question of whether or not it is developed countries owe developing countries thought in their making of their immigration policies (Ochoa &Paulina, 218.). States, of course, have exercised the liberty to restrict immigration but the question of the legitimacy of this move remains. Miller argues that states should be allowed to carry out their businesses however they please as long as their techniques are transparent and fair. There is the argument for citizens to be at liberty to mould the country they wish admitting to it those who adhere to their visions. Nations must, however, be careful to avoid unjustified coercion or violation of universal principles of equality by being more open to the immigrants.

Brochmann, Grete, and Tomas Hammar, eds. Mechanisms of immigration control: A comparative analysis of European regulation policies. Bloomsbury Academic, 2014

(Brochmann et al. n.p) Explore the politics and technicalities of immigration within Europe. Politics have found a way to wedge itself into matters of immigration because it is a cost demanding venture both in the human and economic aspects. The work addresses the need to establish new controls to stop immigration and to ensure that non-citizens do not work illegally. The region aims at reducing emigration from poverty and war-stricken countries by employing external policies such as visa controls and early warning systems. However, a bar needs to be stricken as to when human rights apply to both citizens and non-citizens alike. The policies must not be too tight as to violate the virtues of a democratic state. The book unveils the complications of immigration in Europe and makes recommendations for possible solutions.

Wong, Tom K. Rights, deportation, and detention in the age of immigration control. Stanford University Press, 2015

Wong and Tom, (N.p) Addresses the understanding of the machinery of immigration within the paradigms of closure, citizenship and sovereignty. Two interrelated, yet broad arguments, analytical and conceptual on immigration control. Policies continue to expand, evolve, and develop. States continue to carry out practices to keep out unwanted immigrants. The era we are in is undoubtedly one of migration and fierce immigration control. This era has buttressed the prerogative of states to exclude those that are not their own as an act of sovereignty. It is, however, not enough to argue only on the grounds of sovereignty but also considering the political processes and the political climates at the domestic level. Immigration is best conceptualized as an outcome of politics and as an issue of state sovereignty.

Bush, Jeb, and Clint Bolick, Immigration Wars: Forging an American Solution. Simon and Schuster, 2013

Bush,Jeb & Clint (N.p.), have made propositions on how to settle the wars on immigration. The two address democratic principles for application to that course as the rule of law governing the immigration policy and the indisputable fact that immigration is an essential element of the state. They, however, create a threshold for acquisition of citizenship by those that entered the country illegally. They propose a principled settlement of legal residence. If a person carries out criminal activity, they waive their right to the legal residence through principled settlement and can only stand a chance to atone for their mistakes if they begin to abide by the law.

Long, Stewart. "Issues in the Economics of Immigration: Edited by George J. Borjas; Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2014

(Long &Stewart, Pg144), has handled the economic issues surrounding the matter of immigration starting from the economic progress of immigrants, the change in the skill of new immigrants and diversity. The book then looks at what the rise in immigration means for the various sectors for instance education for the native population. It also seems at what impact trends have had on education for the immigrants themselves. The studies in the analysis concluded that, among others, the characteristics of the country of origin affect the earnings of immigrants substantially. The most highly educated immigrants benefit from increased revenues with the reduction of pupil-tutor ratio and an increase in the average education level.

Gest, Justin, et al. "Measuring and comparing immigration, asylum and naturalization policies across countries: challenges and solutions." Global Policy 5.3 (2014)

(Gest, Justin et al. 19.) Identify entirely and comprehensively the policies that the united states have enacted and concerning migrant admission and to understand the rationale for such policies. The work shows steps taken by the senate to change immigration laws since 1965. It comes up with a theory which underscores the importance of the working together of immigrant advocates, working unions to fight for the achievement of policy change. It also works towards the identification of conditions under which these coalitions will achieve optimum functionality while circumventing being shut down by the opposition. They further link the outcome of the analysis of the policies with the need for efficiency of admission policies enacted by Congress to the immigration process. In the countries that receive immigrants, the atmosphere becomes charged with the new immigrants becoming scapegoats for the various evils that occur. They are a constant physical reminder of the imminent change in society and can be considered threats to the status quo of the places to which they move.

Works Cited

Gest, Justin, et al. "Measuring and comparing immigration, asylum and naturalization policies across countries: challenges and solutions." Global Policy 5.3 (2014): 261-274.

Long, Stewart. "Issues in the Economics of Immigration: Edited by George J. Borjas; Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000, 399 pages." (2002): 144-146.

Bush, Jeb, and Clint Bolick. Immigration Wars: Forging an American Solution. Simon and Schuster, 2013.

Wong, Tom K. Rights, deportation, and detention in the age of immigration control. Stanford University Press, 2015.

Brochmann, Grete, and Tomas Hammar, eds. Mechanisms of immigration control: A comparative analysis of European regulation policies. Bloomsbury Academic, 2014.

Ochoa Espejo, Paulina. "Strangers in Our Midst: The Political Philosophy of Immigration." (2017): 218.

Cornelius, Wayne A. "Controlling immigration and fighting terrorism: The uncertain connection." Migration & Terrorism: US & European Perspectives Conference, University of California, Davis, CA. 2014.

Gjelten, Tom. A nation of nations: A great American immigration story. Simon and Schuster, 2015.