Alcohol, Marijuana, and New Tobacco Use: Associations in Young Adults - Annotated Bibliography

Cohn, A., Villanti, A., Richardson, A., Rath, J. M., Williams, V., Stanton, C., & Mermelstein, R. (2015). The association between alcohol, marijuana use, and new and emerging tobacco products in a young adult population. Addictive behaviors, 48, 79-88. Retrieved from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S03064603150006

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The article on the association between alcohol, marijuana use, and new and emerging tobacco (Cohn, Richardson, Williams, Stanton, and Mermelstein, 2018) examines the substance use occurrence with products of smoke in vulnerable young groups. The researches acquired the data from subgroup individuals randomly - male and females aged between 18 and 34 and 1788 individual women and men cohorts. The investigators used an addressed-based sampling technique because together with KnowledgePanel provided internet access to individual households enabling surveys online (Cohn et al., p.82). Random selection of the individual participants was employed by researchers in the process of recruiting. The researchers observed different measures that were basic such as the outcome of tobacco, the use of marijuana and alcohol presently, covariates, and sensation-seeking (Cohn et al., p.83).

The study outcome separately was defined in each product use as the variable which is categorical with exclusive mutual levels as, ever use, never use presently, and over 30days. The mean difference examined between marijuana and alcohol and showed a correlated relationship with demographic covariates and sensation seeking (Cohn et al., p.83). Observation of results indicates, use of tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana correlates with the prevalence. Evidence observed shows alcohol use presently accounted for 55% of the sample. The results also indicated that the use of tobacco products correlates with the consumption of alcohol currently - a multinomial model showed tobacco use significantly correlates with alcohol. Accordingly, the results indicate, less consistency between tobacco and occurrence use and marijuana.

It was discovered that marijuana and alcohol correlate significantly with the use of tobacco consistent with my expectations. Accordingly, it is inferred in the study that various association patterns were observed; however, emerging tobacco products significantly associate with marijuana use. Further, it can be found different reasons for use tobacco along with target interventions. The prevalence use of products varied with smoking being the most used. To my surprise, the result showed increased tobacco risk in the prevalence of e-cigarette that contradicts the common understanding of stimulation. The authors did recommend further studies in this area (Cohn et al., p.86).

Hall, W. (2015). What has research over the past two decades revealed about the adverse health effects of recreational cannabis use? Addiction, 110(1), 19-35. Retrieved from: https://www.aph.gov.au/DocumentStore.ashx?id=f9b79bbd-70ff-4767-863e-1a31e3c1f7d3&subId=401164

Hall (2015) examines the increased effect of cannabis use on the health and outcome of individual abilities that is defined as a recreational among individuals. The review was conducted for 20 years at the University of Queensland and adopted several methods in surveying the data to ensure chance maximization towards the use of cannabis use including, cannabis use and epidemiological evidence, reverse evidence on causation use of cannabis, controlled potential variable confounding, and evidence in clinical experiments (Hall,, p. 2). Specification on the proof of standard inferring to adverse health effects of cannabis was used to show; cannabis likely was the reason for increased health defects. The article also reports on further investigation of unfavorable impacts on health that might indicate an association between health and cannabis. The evidence on patient tested reports adverse effects of the use of marijuana with increased association with cognitive impairment, anxiety, paranoia, psychotic symptoms at higher levels, and psychomotor impairments (Hall., p. 2).

Among a sample of sixty-four thousand six hundred and fifty-seven non-users and users of cannabis, there is a higher rate of associated diseases and hospitalization in users than in non-users. Accordingly, there is a relative increase in vehicle accidents in confounding statistically (Hall., p.3). A meta-analysis of the sample indicates that the use of cannabis recently (through clinical experiment test of the blood) increased the risk of health adversities and car crush. Patients reported to be using cannabis were found to double the chances of getting hospitalized through accidents. A similar relationship exists among the user, with about 900 hospitalized admitting the use of marijuana other than associated trauma (Hall., p.3).

The result of the study indicates that crash risk doubled in the users of cannabis with about a 1.9295 percentage odd ratio. Epidemiological proof of use of marijuana strongly associates with intoxicated users with similar results on increased risk in crushing as compared to drivers' culpability (Hall., p. 3). Research indicates that the use of cannabis correlates with the outcome abilities of an individual with an increased motor crushing up to 2-3 in users.

The revelation of the significant association of cannabis use and increased car crush is of great concern. The study generally is interesting - correlates with the purpose of research and the topic relating to the survey. However, the findings contradict the understanding of the usual people which is personally is amazing; cannabis is thought to bring a sense of enjoyment. I believe understand that ability outcome on an individual is influenced by cannabis; however, the finding of research disputes it with a suggestion that the result is shared among various factors along with the use of marijuana.

Brunoni, A. R., Moffa, A. H., Sampaio-Junior, B., Galvez, V., & Loo, C. K. (2017). Treatment-emergent mania/hypomania during antidepressant treatment with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS): a systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain stimulation, 10(2), 260-262. Retrieved from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/p

The article Treatment-emergent mania/hypomania during antidepressant(Brunoni, Moffa, Sampaio-Junior, and Galvez 2017). Conduction of the study employed PRISMA guidelines; (disorder depressive, treatment-resistance, bipolar, major depression), and (direct current stimulation transcranial (tDCS)(Brunoni et al., p.1). The researchers scrutinized the meta-analysis of tDCS for depression by random trials (RCTs) inclusion criteria. Inclusion was done on individuals with disorders in depression (bipolar and unipolar) and augmentation or monotherapy. The researchers excluded animal studies, data duplicated, and trials that were not controlled. It can be observed from the survey that trans-cranial stimulation directly induces mania treatment-emergent. However, considering the limited sample (416 patients) used, an inference can be made on possible risk on treatment-emergent mania speculation.

The results of the study showed that direct stimulation is not significantly associated with episodes in treatment-emergent mania. It was observed that treatment-emergent statistically were not significant in odd ratios and differences in the risk. Further, observation of the heterogeneity showed a low correlation in both meta-analyses (Brunoni et al., p.2).

The investigator reported that tDCS could induce emergent mania in depression disorders on patients. There was no report of association concerning medication use, session number, and current dose usage with emergent mania. Close observation of the sample used in the study revealed how limited the research was considering observed failure in disentangling the episodes (Brunoni et al., p.2). The authors recommended further studies on the subject matter (Brunoni et al., p.3).

Jones, C. M., Einstein, E. B., & Compton, W. M. (2018). Changes in synthetic opioid involvement in drug overdose deaths in the United States, 2010-2016. Jama, 319(17), 1819-1821. Retrieved from: https://www.oregonpainguidance.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Changes-in-Synthetic-Opioid-Involvement-in-Drug-Overdose-Deaths-in-the-United-States-JAMA-1.pdf?x91687

The article Changes in synthetic opioid involvement in drug overdose deaths in the United States (Jones, Einstein, and Compton (2018) review overdose prescription of opioids in illicit fentanyl. The study was conducted by jones, Compton, and Einstein in the united states from 2010 to 2016.The researchers derived data from national statistic files relating to death cause as it is the most reliable source of information on death occurrences in the unites states. Codes were assigned to all end associated with opioids as T40.0, T40.4 to T40.6, and prescription of opioids (Jones et al., p.1). The researchers calculated all the death caused by opioids and used the joint regression program in analyzing the trend of death and illicit use (Jones et al., p.1).

The research was based on a sample individual of 42249 deaths categorized as 19413 synthetic opioid users, 17087 prescribed opioids, and heroin involved - 154679 individuals (Jones et al., p.1). An increase in synthetic opioid uses and death involvement as a result of drugs (heroin, opioid, and psychotherapeutic illicit were compiled from data surveillance from 2010-2016 (Jones et al., p.1).

The results of the research reveal a significant trend in the association of synthetic opioid use and the death of individuals. An increase in death form opioid use from 3007 individuals to 19413 deaths in six years is consistent with mortality associated with overdose of prescribed heroin, opioids, and drugs (Jones et al., p.1). The results also reveal that deaths related to opioid - 76.7 in percentage were involved in other drug abuse along with alcohol use. It can be observed that the finding of the research underscores an increase in deaths associated with overdose and the use of synthetic opioids.

It was learned that deaths related to opioids were also associated with other factors - in opioids, benzodiazepines, heroin, cocaine, antidepressants, prescription opioids, and alcohol, psychostimulants, and Trying to understand the involvement of opioids in the death of individual users raises a concern; it is incredible to comprehend how health-risking the drug. The review revealed that the synthetic opioid use contradicts with the perception of an ordinary individual - brings a sense of satisfaction and relaxation. The author suggested that a lack of adequate knowledge about potency in synthetic opioids, availability, variability, and illicit drug alteration pose a risk to the health of individuals, and they recommend comprehensive information.

References

Brunoni, A. R., Moffa, A. H., Sampaio-Junior, B., Galvez, V., & Loo, C. K. (2017). Treatment-emergent mania/hypomania during antidepressant treatment with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS): a systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain stimulation, 10(2), 260-262.

Cohn, A., Villanti, A., Richardson, A., Rath, J. M., Williams, V., Stanton, C., & Mermelstein, R. (2015). The association between alcohol, marijuana use, and new and emerging tobacco products in a young adult population. Addictive behaviors, 48, 79-88.

Hall, W. (2015). What has research over the past two decades revealed about the adverse health effects of recreational cannabis use? Addiction, 110(1), 19-35

Jones, C. M., Einstein, E. B., & Compton, W. M. (2018). Changes in synthetic opioid involvement in drug overdose deaths in the United States, 2010-2016. Jama, 319(17), 1819-1821.