A Weight Loss Programme to Attain an Optimal Body Composition for Health - Paper Example

Introduction

The pervasiveness of obesity is associated with comorbidities, metabolic condition, sleep breathing disorders and additional ailments are rising globally. A modest weight diminution through nutritional modification and more physical activity is recommended to a lesser threat. To aid in medical treatment, an improved understanding of dimensional faults in reported diet and patients' associated with obesity physical activity comorbidities and effects of nutritional interference including anti-obesity medicine is required.

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Daisy was a 35-year-old lady who came to see me for health reasons. She had been trying to lose weight for the past 8 years, but she did not manage to lose it since she would lose a few pounds and regain them after a short while. She is an employee at a company where she has to sit all; day, until late in the evening after which she goes home to rest. Too much sitting makes her legs swell and ache sometimes. Weight loss is important since overweight individuals like Daisy are in a higher risk of developing severe health problems which include high blood pressure, heart diseases, gallstones, diabetes, breathing problems and certain types of cancers. Somatic and mental factors contribute to brutal distress and poor health-related life. Daisy is 130 kgs, and she should lose at least 30 kgs to help improve her health condition. Daisy feels weighing too much is not good for her health. Losing weight will help Daisy reduce her mental distress since people at work, and at home have been stigmatizing her on her condition. People view obesity as a reflection of character flaw and psychological problems are linked to their character rather than to their obese condition. She had other health problems like achy muscles and joints, especially her knees. Her hair was also very dry and her nails were weak. She also experienced bloated abdomen and felt she wanted to lose weight since she had obesity and the condition brought along many health problems and difficulties in performing her day-to-day activities. I was certain that Daisy would lose weight and improve her health if she changes her diet and exercises.

The purpose of data analysis is to help Daisy and other obese subjects with health-related problems promote their behavioral change to aid in weight reduction and maintaining weight loss. The focus will be on lifestyle issues and assessment inclusive of dietary report accuracy, data recordings on energy expenditure and the evaluation of physical activity patterns, the effects of changing diet and weight loss medication.

The assessment programme will help analyze her dietary patterns using the dietary software tool to help find out whether her eating habits are okay. Most overweight subjects practice poor eating habits and end up getting health problems related to obesity. For instance, most people with high blood pressure are obese or overweight. Also, most patients suffering from chronic diseases are obese and overweight. Therefore most individuals with huge bodies tend to try and work on reducing their weight.

Methods

Daisy will be assessed using several methods in order to come up with better feeding habits for her to improve her condition. These methods include:

• Dietary software for dietary analysis
• Physical activity journal
• A predictive equation for energy expenditure
• Anthropometric measures.

Dietary Software for Dietary Analysis

A diet analysis module is great for professionals in all healthcare deliveries, educational and research set and food services. By the use of Nutritionist Pro, I will be able to analyze her nutrition intake, set goals for nutrients, provide educational reports and manage weight changes. In reference to Tharrey, Olaya, Fewtrell, & Ferguson (2017), the software is used to assess dietary intake of as many as 258 nutrients together with minerals and vitamins, free sugars and glycemic pack. It's also used to create meal plans, supplements and health foods included. It also helped analyze recipes before adding them to meal plans which helps to create the client's favorite recipes which are healthy. According to Swift, Johannsen, Lavie, Earnest & Church (2014), the software is adequate to use since it calculates the absorption of fats and loss of nutrients automatically founded on the method of cooking which has been chosen. It also calculates the client's nutritional requirements founded upon variables such as age, gender, activity, and goals. This software is reliable since it has food composition databases used for dietary assessment of persons and groups. It may also provide a graphic presentation of the nutrients intake which enhances the understanding of the results. In addition, the software has the desired database features to help attain the results. It also has a clear and efficient way of finding foods in the database. As stated by Ortner, Hadziabdic, Mucalo, Hrabac, Matic, Rahelic, & Bozikov (2015), the software has a low cost of purchasing and updating it and has educational value since it keeps records which can be given to the client.

Energy Expenditure Measurement

Through the use of the double-labeled water method, it will be easier to assess total energy expenditure. I ingested 0.05 g deuterium-labeled water and 0,10 g of oxygen-18- labeled water for every kg body weight which was planned to help enhance the body water with 350 deltas per million of deuterium and 60 deltas per million for Oxygen-18. I used Daisy's urine sample to analyze the isotope enriched water. I used a mass spectrometer to analyze these results. I then calculated the rate at which elimination occurred using the multipoint method. The elimination rate difference was used as an indirect measure of the production of carbon dioxide. I estimated the energy expenditure. Neufer, Bamman, Muoio, Bouchard, Cooper, Goodpaster, ... & Hepple (2015) argue that the ActiReg method is reliable since it has a higher level of accuracy as compared to ActiReg method. The ActiReg method might contain an inaccuracy in the formula used to estimate the Total Energy expenditure. The computer program can fail or can bring about errors, unlike the double-labeled water method which is more physical thus few errors. Alternatively, I would use ActiReg method to estimate the energy expenditure. I could then use a specially developed computer program to calculate the energy expenditure. As said by Kraus, Bittner, Appel, Blair, Church, Despres, ... & Vafiadis (2015), this model is based on the body position's estimated energy cost and exercise combined with each minute's number of position changes. The energy expenditure is calculated by abbreviation the calculated energy spending for every minute of the measurement time.

Physical Activity

I also recorded Daisy's physical activities during the first seven days. I assessed the physical activity patterns using the ActiReg recording performed continuously for four days. The time spent on the different physical activity levels was calculated using the ActiCalc32 program. From the measurement, the results show that less weight was lost since Daisy lay down and sat most of the times. For strolling and walking, she would lose weight which would be added due to the high-fat intakes due to poor feeding habits. Daisy would lose more weight for fast walking and jog at a reasonable speed. Although physical activity has no much effect on body weight loss, it has worthwhile health benefits. Physically active individuals have a low mortality rate as compared to inactive people (Warburton & Bredin, 2016). Furthermore, exercise has reduced incidences of diabetes 2 and has helped to improve metabolic risk factors related to metabolic disease. Additionally, studies have consistently shown that subjects who perform high levels of physical activity are able to maintain weight loss than people with low lower physical activity. In this case, I will urge Daisy to keep exercising her body more often to avoid regaining lost weight. A study done by Bouchard, Blair & Katzmarzyk (2015) suggested that every healthy adult should engage in at least 30 minutes of moderate physical activity on 5 days every week. This will help preserve and raise well-built strength in the patient (Gebel, Ding, Chey, Stamatakis, Brown & Bauman, 2015). Daisy should ensure that she adheres to the physical activity, which is a challenge to most people. For an effective exercise pattern, there is a need for a quantified assessment of obese patients.

Anthropometric Measurements

I performed the baseline dimensions of height, weight and the waist-hip circumference by use of standardized tools. These measurements were done by me for all the study periods. I measured Daisy's waist when unclothed at the umbilicus level when she was standing. I measured her hip circumference on the greater trochanter level. Her Body Mass Index was measured in kgs as weight divided by height in square meters. I used the latest blood pressure monitor to measure her blood pressure. I measured her blood pressure in her right arm with a properly sized slap after she sat without activity for 10 minutes. A study by Aune, Norat, Leitzmann, Tonstad & Vatten (2015) indicates that measurement of blood pressure is vital in determining a subject's BMI. The Anthropometric measurements are accurate since they are done physically, where the patient's physical height, weight, and waist circumference are measured. The blood pressure measurements are more accurate since I used the latest device used to measure blood pressure. Also, the waist, measurements of the patient with no clothes ensures that the results are accurate. In reference to Partridge, (2016), the measured height and weight are measured using the proper tools which give no room for errors. This makes the measurement method effective and appropriate to use. The results will help calculate her BMI and see whether it's necessary for her to lose weight.

Results

Reasonable change is noted on the subject since there has been an observation on her to ensure that she takes the instructed dietary recommendations. Some patients fail to achieve their objective of losing weight due to poor eating habits. Nevertheless, people with discipline in following up on their dietary requirements achieve their desired body weight. Individuals who reduced the rate of fat intake as prescribed will reduce their body weight. Also, subjects who perform physical activity more times during the day lose excess body weight. This helps them cut weight and reduce the chances of getting health problems which come with excess weight. Such problems include sleep breathing disorders and the high chances of getting chronic diseases. Also, the BMI of the individual stabilizes thus improving their health.

Dietary Software for Dietary Analysis

I scrutinized what determined whether the report was accurate, and realized that the subject was under-reporting certain foods and eating behaviors. She was also over-reporting cases of physical activity. This results to an inaccuracy of the results from the dietary software. Total energy Expenditure was estimated. Comparing Daisy with other obese patients, who did not underreport, their total energy expenditure did not differ. The accuracy was assessed as it was expected to be 1.00. In under-reporters, the total energy expenditure was 0.68 and 0.01 in the non-under reporters. Inconsistency with the data records, the accuracy in those who did not under report was 0.85 and 0.57 for the under-reporters. Under-reporters had recorded low intake of sweets, snacks, desserts as compared to non-under reporters. According to Naguib, Koura, Mahmoud, Mohamed & Wissa (2016), determinants of accuracy are bread sweets, sn...