Statement and Literature Search: Physical Activity Exercise among Older People

The PICOT question: In the older population, how does the application of physical activity compared to no activity related to the prevention of osteoporosis at their older age.

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Review of Literature

Marques, E. A., Mota, J., & Carvalho, J. (2012). Exercise effects on bone mineral density in older adults: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Age, 34(6), 1493-1515.

The process of aging is connected to the decline in the osteoblast activity which leads to bone weakening and hence osteoporosis. The study focuses on establishing the impact of physical activity on the bone mineral density in older adults. The study was a metanalysis where electronic databases were searched for articles for randomized control trials to confirm the benefits of physical exercises in the management of the problems. 19 articles that met the standards of the study were selected, and findings revealed that physical exercises among older adults reduced the chances of osteoporosis occurrence.

Al Khaldi, M. (2016). Exercise Intervention for Osteoporosis Prevention in Postmenopausal Women: A Systematic Review. J Nov Physiother, 7(323), 2.

Postmenopausal women are among the high-risk population among the elderly group for osteoporosis. The study aimed to review literature that supports the various types of physical activities suitable for postmenopausal women that help to reduce the occurrence of osteoporosis. 27 random control trial studies from multiple databases such as AMED and MEDLINE were obtained. The findings revealed that any form of weight-bearing exercises was effective in the strengthening of bones in the postmenopausal women with or without the use of vitamin D and calcium supplements.

Bjugstad, K. (2012). The Role of physical activity as prevention against osteoporosis (Master's thesis).

Osteoporosis is characterized by low bone mass density and deterioration of bone's structure which leads to its fragility and prone to fracturing. This situation leads to osteoporosis; however, physical exercises promotes bone remodeling which helps to prevent the occurrence of the condition. However, since remodeling among the older people has declined, they are at risk of the problem and the solution is for them to assume physical activities to boost the formation of bone cells and reinforce the bone structure.

McMillan, L. B., Zengin, A., Ebeling, P. R., & Scott, D. (2017, November). Prescribing Physical Activity for the Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis in Older Adults. In Healthcare(Vol. 5, No. 4, p. 85). Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute.

Osteoporosis is an age-related problem that is associated with a decline in the bone mass density and bone structure that compromised the strength of the bones. The study reviewed various articles on the value of physical exercise in the in the prevention of the problem. The study examined articles with a regimen of activities suitable for the older population which included resistance training, whole body vibration therapy, and weight bearing to strengthen the bones. The findings revealed that these form of exercises improved the structure of the bone hence preventing the occurrence of osteoporosis.

Beck, B. R., & Winters-Stone, K. M. (2010). Exercise in the prevention of osteoporosis-related fractures. In Osteoporosis(pp. 207-239). Humana Press.

The article revealed that situations such as prolonged bed rest, microgravity, and spinal cord injury among other conditions lead to skeletal unloading especially on the bones of the body parts that carry much weight. Hence physical activities are aimed to exert the body weight on the appropriate sites of the body not only to improve bone mass but also to reduce the chances of the occurrence of fractures. For instance, the hip and the vertebral structures are the common sites that carry much body weight and hence prone to future linked to osteoporosis hence physical exercise can be used to control the situation.

Todd, J. A., & Robinson, R. J. (2003). Osteoporosis and exercise. Postgraduate Medical Journal, 79(932), 320-323.

Mechanical stress and bone mass was a topic that was first discussed by Galileo in the 1680s. Hence the issue of osteoporosis is an ancient problem which has also been confirmed by modern scientific studies to be caused by a compromised bone structure and its deterioration. Hence, the research aimed at verifying that physical exercise is useful in the prevention of osteoporosis. Various scientific studies such as clinical trials and randomized control trials were used to establish its effectiveness, and findings revealed that physical activities improve the bone mass density and its strength hence preventing the condition.

References

Al Khaldi, M. (2016). Exercise Intervention for Osteoporosis Prevention in Postmenopausal Women: A Systematic Review. J Nov Physiother, 7(323), 2. Retrieved from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/389d/84381250523e91676135f86b6f1e5a884f90.pdf

Bjugstad, K. (2012). The Role of physical activity as prevention against osteoporosis (Master's thesis). Retrieved from https://www.duo.uio.no/bitstream/handle/10852/29170/Innlevering.pdf?sequence=1

Beck, B. R., & Winters-Stone, K. M. (2010). Exercise in the prevention of osteoporosis-related fractures. In Osteoporosis(pp. 207-239). Humana Press. Retrieved from https://research-repository.griffith.edu.au/bitstream/handle/10072/33254/59505_1.pdf?sequence=1Marques, E. A., Mota, J., & Carvalho, J. (2012). Exercise effects on bone mineral density in older adults: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Age, 34(6), 1493-1515. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3528362/

McMillan, L. B., Zengin, A., Ebeling, P. R., & Scott, D. (2017, November). Prescribing Physical Activity for the Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis in Older Adults. In Healthcare (Vol. 5, No. 4, p. 85). Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute.

Todd, J. A., & Robinson, R. J. (2003). Osteoporosis and exercise. Postgraduate Medical Journal, 79(932), 320-323. Retrieved from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/0640/09b0f9a658c17fec69b258187c6e52f9bec0.pdf