Some Questions on Physics

Parallel circuit has to or more paths for the current to flow through. The amount of voltage in the circuit is the same and the sum of current passing in each path is the same as the total current flowing from the source.

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Series circuit has only one path for the current to flow through. The components are connected end-to-end in a line to form a single path for the current to flow.

Reflection of sound occurs when the sound travels through a given medium and strike back in other direction. Incident waves are sound waves towards reflecting surface while reflected sound waves are sound waves bouncing back from the reflecting surface (Erjavec & Thompson, 2014).

A redox reaction is a chemical reaction. Redox stands for reduction and oxidation. The reduction is a reaction in which oxygen is removed from a substance while Oxidation is the reaction in which a substance combines with oxygen (Bullock et al., 2001).

Buffers are compounds that oppose changes in PH when the inadequate sum of bases and acids are added. They do this by formulating a salt when bases and acids are added leading to a small change. Buffers need to be efficient enough to resist such changes and the measure of this efficiency is what we call buffer capacity (Schuring et al.,2013).

The magnetic North poles are a point on earth where the northern lines of attraction enter the earth. The point lies on Ellesmere Island in Northern Canada. The magnetic south is the point on earths surface where the direction of earths magnetic field is vertical and upward. This point is not fixed as it is believed to move a distance of five kilometers every year.

Electrochemistry is a branch of chemistry that deals with chemically produced changes that are produced by electricity and the production of electricity by these changes. An example of the electromechanical process takes place in batteries.

AM and FM are ways of broadcasting radio signals. The information is transmitted in electromagnetic waves. AM varies the amplitude of the signal but frequency remains the same while in FM, the amplitude is kept constant and the sound is kept constant (Frost, 2010).

The first law states that energy cannot be destroyed or created in a system that is isolated. The second law of thermodynamic states that the entropy of any system that is isolated always increases. The last law states that as the temperature moves toward zero, the entropy of a system approaches constant (Atkins, 2010).

Question two

Sound and wavelength are different. The sound waves are travel as longitudinal waves while light travel as transverse waves. Light lies in a very small electromagnetic spectrum known as visible light which corresponds wavelength range of 400-700 nm. The amplitude of a wave is its maximum disturbance from the undisturbed position it is originating from and it is measured in meters. Wavelength is the distance from one crest to another crest. The wavelengths of sound are smaller and does diffract through small holes. Light travels extremely quickly with a maximum speed of 300,000,000m/s in the vacuum while the speed of sound is 342m/s.

Question 3

Entropy is a thermodynamic quantity which represents the unavailability thermal energy for a system necessary for translation into mechanical work. The term is mostly referred to as the degree of randomness in a system. The relationship between entropy and stability is that energy represents the state of maximum stability for a system. When there are a decrease and increase in enthalpy, the free energy is decreased. Due to decline in potential energy, the stability will increase with a decrease in enthalpy. Establishing the relationship with chemical reactivity, the chemical reaction causes changes in entropy which is essential in determining in which direction the reactivity of chemical spontaneously heads (Muller, 2007).

The relationship between entropy and density is that thermodynamics entropy is an assessment of microscopic configurations that conforms with to a thermodynamic system in a condition that is that microscopic variables specify.

Focusing on the relationship of entropy with energy, the following thermodynamic formulae is essential

Du=TdS-PdV+ udN

V-Volume

P- Pressure

S-Entropy

T-Temperature

u-Chemical energy

U which represents the energy is a function of S,V,N that can be rewritten as U(S,V,N) and when S is made smaller, the energy should be decreased(U).

If dS <0 then dUis <0

Therefore S should be reduced in order to get rid of energy from the system. The system is not able to work on the reservoir and to carry out this, the system should be put in contact with a reservoir that has a temperature but should be low.

The relationship of entropy with the phase of the material is that when a material goes through a phase transition, it gives out a certain amount of heat. This means that the outcome of transition of phase on entropy is the same.

Question four.

A Ph is a measure of how basic or acidic of a particular substance is. The pH scale expresses the acidity of an aqueous solution for example anything which dissolves in water. The scale is arranged between 1-14, with seven being neutral. Anything with a Ph above seven is said to be alkaline while above seve7 is acidic. Some examples of an acidic product include fruits such as lemon, milk product and fish are also an acidic product. Basic product includes wood ash. The typical reaction between a base and an acid is called neutralization. For example, the reaction of hydrochloric acid with sodium hydroxide is a basic acid reaction (Alpert et al. 2002).

Reference

Alpert, A., Altenburg, M., & Bailey, D. (2002). Miladys Standard Cosmetology. Cengage Learning.

Atkins, P. (2010). Four Laws That Drive the Universe. OUP Oxford.

Bullock, J., Boyle, J., & Wang, M. B. (2001). Physiology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Erjavec, J., & Thompson, R. (2014). Automotive Technology: A Systems Approach. Cengage Learning.

Frost, G. L. (2010). Early FM Radio: Incremental Technology in Twentieth-Century America. JHU Press.

Herman, S. (2015). Delmars Standard Textbook of Electricity. Cengage Learning.

Muller, I. (2007). A History of Thermodynamics: The Doctrine of Energy and Entropy. Springer Science & Business Media.

Schuring, J., Schulz, H. D., Fischer, W. R., Bottcher, J., & Duijnisveld, W. H. M. (2013). Redox: Fundamentals, Processes and Applications. Springer Science & Business Media.