Paper Example on Cyberbullying Victimization: Research From Navarro to Tokunaga

Navarro and Serna (2013): Investigating Cyberbullying Victimization in Spanish Children

Navarro and Serna (2013) conducted research on the role of parental mediation and internet use on cyberbullying victimization in rural public school amongst Spanish children. Mishna and Khoury-Kassabri (2012) conducted a study on the risk factor for involvement in cyberbullying. Law and Shapka (2012) did research on the changing face of victimization regarding internet and tradition bullying. Tokunaga (2010) conducted a study on cyberbullying victimization following home from school.

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Navarro and Serna (2013) collected the data by use of the self-report questionnaire. The numbers of participants were 1068. The study was conducted among the Spanish children from aged 10 to 12 years. The findings were majorly concern with the use of the internet. The finding indicated that at least once in a week the Spanish children accessed the internet to seek the information. The finding further indicated they involved themselves in e-mailing, chatting and going through their profiles in social network platforms such as Facebook. Also, the finding indicated that more than half of the participants admit to using the internet to download videos and music. The finding as well indicated that cyberbullying victimization among the females is higher as compared males. Moreover, the finding indicated that whenever there is restrictive parental mediation, then it lowers the possibility of cyberbullying victimization. The reason was that the parents strictly supervise their children not to use the internet too much.

Consequently, the finding in indicated that internet activities that involve online communication like participation in chartroom and instant messenger can lead to the risk of cyberbullying victimization, but whenever there is parental monitoring then it helps lowers the probability of online victimization.

Mishna and Khoury-Kassabri (2012): Profiling Cyberbullying Participants Among Youths

Mishna and Khoury-Kassabri (2012) were concerned about cyberbullying among the youths by differentiating amongst three groups of participants in cyberbullying then after they compared to the ones who do not involve themselves in cyberbullying. Data were collected by the use of a self-report questionnaire just like the first article. The numbers of participants were 2186 involving high and middle school students. There was the performance of the multinomial logistics regression to inspect the relationship between independent variables and cyber bulling categories. The finding indicated that over 50 percent of the students acknowledged themselves as participants in cyberbullying by being perpetrator or victim or both.

According to this finding, boys were found more often to engage in bullying others compared to girls, while in terms of victimization girls outnumbered boys in this respect. Younger children were victims of cyberbullying more than older ones while older ones were both bullies and victims more than their younger counterparts. Furthermore, 23.4 percent of students' internet usage is monitored or blocked by their parents while 49 percent feel uncomfortable when accessing it due to parental influence.

Law and Shapka (2012): Comparing Traditional and Internet Victimization

Law and Shapka (2012) were more different in the other articles because they were trying to compare traditional and internet victimization and bullying. There was the use of EFAs (electronic factor analysis) and CFAs (confirmatory factor analyses) to inspect whether electronic aggression may be measured using same items as those of measuring traditional bullying and if the adolescent responds to question concerning electronic aggression like they do in traditional bullying. The numbers of the participants in study one were 17 551 in which 49 percent were females. The adolescents from grade 8 to 9 were the one picked for participation in study one. The numbers of participants in study two were 733 in which 62 percent were girls. The adolescent aged 11 to 12 years were the one picked in study two for participation. The finding in the study one indicated that adolescent differentiates between the role they play in bullying circumstances but not forms of bullying such as verbal, physical, social and cyberbullying. The finding in study two as per EFA and CFA indicated that adolescent did not distinguish between victims, witnesses and bullies but rather they differentiations amongst the method used for the aggressive act.

Tokunaga (2010): Cyberbullying Victimization in the United States

As for Tokunaga (2010), the study was more of the analysis of the cyberbullying victimization like the other two of the articles but more concerned on the United States of America? The finding indicated that more than 97 percent of the youths located in the United States are linked to the internet. The finding further indicated that the outcomes of internet usage among children and youths are harmful. The finding indicated that cyberbullying victimization is the most serious offense that has received attention in the United States. Also, the finding showed that 20 to 40 percent of the youths have experienced cyberbullying in their lives at least once. Finally, the finding in the articles unlike the other articles refutes the information that gender and age predict cyberbullying victimization.

References

Navarro, R., Serna, C., Martinez, V., & Ruiz-Oliva, R. (2013). The role of Internet use and parental mediation on cyberbullying victimization among Spanish children from rural public schools. European journal of psychology of education, 28(3), 725-745.

Mishna, F., Khoury-Kassabri, M., Gadalla, T., & Daciuk, J. (2012). Risk factors for involvement in cyberbullying: Victims, bullies, and bully-victims. Children and Youth Services Review, 34(1), 63-70.

Law, D. M., Shapka, J. D., Hymel, S., Olson, B. F., & Waterhouse, T. (2012). The changing face of bullying: An empirical comparison between traditional and internet bullying and victimization. Computers in Human Behavior, 28(1), 226-232.

Tokunaga, R. S. (2010). Following you home from school: A critical review and synthesis of research on cyberbullying victimization. Computers in human behavior, 26(3), 277-287.