Discovering the Universe: Bing Bang Theory, String Theory Paper Example

(a) When did the Bing Bang Theory began and what was the result?

Perlov and Vilenkin (2017) argue that the Bing Bang is believed to have occurred over 14 billion years ago when there was an explosion of an ultra-dense elementary particle. It is also understood that a cosmic egg exploded which led to the formation of the universe (Georgievich, 2017).

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(b) Is "string theory" a proven scientific theory? Why or why not?

String theory is not yet proven as a scientific theory because it is still being developed by scientists and does not make predictions that can be tested. This means, therefore, that many other theories are to be considered to give more details and concrete predictions.

(c) Where does the Strong Nuclear Force come into play?

Weak nuclear force, electromagnetic force, gravity, and strong nuclear force are the fundamental forces in nature, but the strong nuclear energy is the strongest. Its range is the shortest thus the particles must be nearby for its effects to be felt. Its primary role is to hold the subatomic particles called nucleons together.

(d) What is cosmology?

This is the study of the large-scale structure and how the universe has evolved. It seeks to scientifically explain how the universe began, how it develops, as well as its fate (Comins & Kaufmann, 2014).

If our Sun and solar system had formed at the same time as the very first stars in the universe, describe how and why our solar system would be different than the one we have today and the impact this would likely have had on the formation of life.

From the start of the Big Bang up to later years, there were no possible formations, but after the cooling of the particles, atoms were formed with hydrogen, lithium, and helium being formed. Had the sun and planets been the first in the solar system, there could be no possibility of life with only hydrogen, lithium, and helium. Additionally, the stars would have very short lifespans as a result of the availability and the density of hydrogen. There were no metals thus the first stars would have had to live, die, and explode to necessitate the formation of life. This, therefore, means that the closest planet would possibly be Jupiter or something with adequate mass to repel the solar wind. Finally, the sun would be a white dwarf now since it would have matured through its red giant phase (Iben, 2013).

(a) What does the drake equation attempt to do?

Drake equation articulates the number of extraterrestrial civilizations quantitatively as a product of terms, some of which can be valued from our knowledge on stellar evolution and stars. According to Comins and Kaufmann (2014), new evidence suggests that for extrasolar planets, astronomers are hopeful to determine the terms in the equation by observation. It comprises of seven terms, six of which are useful in the computation of creation rate of intelligent civilizations thus identifies the average length of each broadcasting civilization.

(b) What determines the Habitable Zone of a solar system?

There are crucial requirements for the existence of life in the solar system. According to Comins and Kaufmann (2014), the presence of liquid water is critical. This is because water enables many types of molecules and atoms which are dissolved in it to bond or separate in large numbers. This allows the occurrence of numerous interactions without any chemical interference thus permits the creation and evolution of systems and complex molecules that play an essential role in the functioning of the living organism. The other requirement is an element that can form a bond actively, or not too strong, with a minimum of three atoms that sanction complex molecules essential for life. Lastly, an environment that supports life must have a diversity of other elements vital for the development of life. Comins and Kaufmann (2014) roots for the presence of constituents of organic molecules such as sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen for the existence of life in the solar system.

(c) Is an Organic Molecule a living entity? Why or why not?

An organic molecule is a living entity. This is because organic molecules are essential in the formation of life, thus makes it a living entity. They are living entities because they are the chemicals of life that are produced as well as found in living organisms. These organic molecules include nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates which have significant responsibilities in our lives.

(d) Why is the "Water Hole" the best region for communication across the cosmos?

This is because there exist clear frequencies in the area of the microwave lines of both hydroxyl radical and hydrogen emission. Also, earth-based, galactic noise, and atmospheric absorption are at the lowest in this region since the fundamental wavelengths in astronomy such as hydroxyl radical and H line are located in this region. Furthermore, waterholes are useful for all manner of animals which come to drink water which fills these depressions especially on the river bed or the surface of the earth. When this happens, many different animals meet here thus acts as a reunion place where species of animals communicate.

State Hubble's Law. Describe how it is used in astronomy.

This law states that the speed of the galaxy, v is proportional to its distance (Comins and Kaufmann, 2014). It is instrumental in the estimation of the age of the universe and its simple formula is:

V=H0 d

Where H0 is the proportionality constant in the law and is called the Hubble constant, d is the distance from the earth while v is the velocity. This law was formulated to assist in measuring galaxies because of the revolutionary nature of these movements thus is helpful in the provision of concrete evidence of the continued expansion of the universe rather than static. The Hubble's constant can be estimated by the measurement of the redshift of distant galaxies, and then the distance to some galaxies is determined. Despite this, varying estimates of the Hubble's constant have been realized because of uncertainties in physical assumptions in the determination of distances, but Edwin Hubble uncovered crucial evidence of the expansion of the universe.

References

Comins, N. F., & Kaufmann, W. J. (2014). Discovering The Universe. New York, NY: W.H. Freeman and Company, a Macmillan Higher Education Company.

Georgievich, B. S. (2017). About the Bing Bang. The General Science Journal. doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.26288.35840.

Iben, I. (2013). Stellar Evolution Physics: Physical Processes in Stellar Interiors. Cambridge University Press.

Perlov, D., & Vilenkin, A. (2017). Cosmology for the Curious. Springer.