Cognitive & Behaviorism Theory: Career Enhancement & Decision Making - Essay Sample

Introduction

Cognitive information processing theory. It depends on career enhancement, and the concepts linked to decision making progressed through the combinations of researchers' efforts. The cognitive theory belief that education emerges through the dispensation of private information. It entails restructuring of experiences through modification of old insights and achievements of visions.

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Behaviorism theory. It is an approach based on psychology. It focuses on the independent and objective actions of the mind. The behaviorists embrace that the learning incidence occurs after the attainment of new activities as well as modification through stimuli and responses associations. Thus, association results in the variation in behavior (Reigeluth et al., 2016). The independent observable differences in an individual's behavior create the foundation of the learning process.

Principles of Learning Preferences

Non-formal and formal learning. These types of education do not require certificates or accreditation. Formal learning comprises the needed learning experience or direct knowledge. Non-formal learning consists of different categories of organized learning, such as swimming sessions, community-based sports programs, and conferences. For these types of education, the syllabus does not require accreditation and certifications.

Constructivist approach. The principles are based on the idea of the construction of a person's perception of the world, individual experiences and internal knowledge. The theory focuses on the acquaintance construction and the inert acceptance of information. Learners are the founders of the culture and meaning of this principle (Olson, M.H., 2015). The theorist's belief that learning remains a procedure where learners develop new ideas and concepts established on prior knowledge and experience.

Effect: The policy focuses on the pleasant and satisfaction felling of learning different things. If the learner feels the knowledge offers a pleasing effect, he must continue learning. Positive impact motivates the learner and must result in achievement. Thus it is essential to identify this element and telling the performance of the audience. Health educators should set up the learning condition in a technique that every learner will be capable of seeing the evidence of their achievements and progress.

Models of Learning Preferences

Competency models. It involves the learning and teaching approaches frequently used in concrete learning skills. It is distinct from other non-related methods as learners acquire the knowledge of one capability at a time.

Learner-based model. The learning process needs the student to advance an understanding of the current personal situation, social and environmental relations in the learning setting.

Application of the Theories, Principles and Models to Teaching, Learning, and Assessment

Application of the Theories to Teaching, Learning, and Assessment

Behaviorism learning theories focus on learners' mental stability. If the teachers execute Individual Learning Plans (ILPS), they could simply comprehend the student's mental state enabling the active learning of the students. Also, if students cannot understand a particular topic, then the student evaluation can assist the teacher in recognizing the challenges faced by the student.

Cognitive information processing theory concentrates on the appropriate determination of a decision through SMART targets for the training prospective if the tutors recognize the challenge of the various students (Kelly et al., 2014). It will assist the students in making an appropriate decision on the evaluation of the better advancement of the student.

Application Of The Principle to Teaching-Learning and Assessment:

Non-formal and formal and approaches aids in the development of the student. Learning different things improves the ability of students to study new techniques.

The constructivist principle focuses on inert knowledge receiving, which often benefits the teaching practices' to modernize different concepts of learning and teaching, which will assist in the advancement of students.

The effect principle concentrates on the learner's satisfaction. For instance, if teachers deliver effective methods in learning different things, it will assist the learner in developing their skills, leading to more comfortable learning for the student. Also, if the student's learning satisfaction is high, the evaluation of the learner will improve.

Application of the Model to Teaching-Learning and Assessment:

In the learning-based model, the tutors teach the learners to comprehend the current condition of the social and environmental obligation for the progress of the student. The capability to understand the ongoing responsibilities of the situation exists from executing focused learning.

The teaching technique in the competency-based model is progressed for the better growth of the student, thus learning different things, which are the core objectives of this model. Therefore, the development of a student is due to better learning methods and complete evaluation.

Learning Preferences

The learning preferences are the individual pattern features of weaknesses and strengths that assist in learning different things and teaching methods. Multisensory methods enable quickly learning, teaching, and assessment. According to learner's necessities, a weak student often requires excellent teacher guidelines, and a bright learner only needs advice for the future (Furnkranz and Hullermeier, 2010). New abilities and skills require distinct methods to understand unique preferences and styles (Kolb, 2014). It is very challenging to comprehend what suits a specific individual for the benefit of new knowledge. Thus, the multisensory method assists in understanding appropriate methods and better strategies for particular students; hence the advancement in learning and teaching techniques will assist in the evaluation of the learner by practicing this method.

Communication assessment is multi-disciplinary, illustrating concepts and theories from psychology and political science. Also, communication is exchanging facts and ideas as a method of conveying a message and understanding each individual. In this report, I will analyze a range of theories, principles, and models of communication and explain how they can be applied to teaching, learning, and assessing.

Figure 1

Analyze Theories, Principles and Models of Communication

Theories of Communication:

Language linked to the development stage. Jean Piaget (1936) emerged the cognitive enhancement concept with children as the assessment population. Piaget claimed that intellect is not static; instead, the students must grow their acumen appealing with the supple surrounding. The communication advancement phases comprise sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational stages (Huitt and Hummel 2003).

Transactional Analysis: The theory suggests that people communicate in three ego situations, and individuals can modify ego states within single communication relations. The ego states are adult, parent, and child. Also, the ego state interacts with a particular set of behaviors and thoughts (Dainton and Zelley, 2017). On the other hand, with some students, it is incredible to move from being a child as a result of enduring mental health complications. Also, some individuals have undergone substantial previous psychological trauma finding it challenging for them to change to adult relations.

Interactive: Communication can happen either non-verbally or verbally. The process of communication entails a decoder and encoder source (Rudman & Tietjen, 2018). The source is the originator of the information. The decoder and encoder is the person receiving the message and then reacts with a response. Those who have delusions or paranoia will understand the message contingent on the situation.

Linear. It is where the message is conveyed to the receiver, but the recipient may take it as a different thing. Thus in learning, it may not be the best suitable as the instructor's information may not be construed as envisioned. It stresses that a communication procedure is made concise and clear to reduce discrepancies.

Environmental theory. It is a framework that different surroundings can be constraints to effective communication. It comprises of, however, not restricted to small facilitation and outdated equipment. The social theory identifies language, religion, and culture to be significant aspects that influence communication.

Models of Communication

Aristotle's model: it was advanced 2000 years ago. The Greek philosopher, Aristotle, comprises this concept the five essential communication elements: Audience, Speaker, effect, Speech/message, occasion. Aristotle proposes that the presenter should create a speech for different audiences on a distinct instance for separate objectives.

Lasswell's model. It was established in 1948 and claimed that for mass communication procedures to be comprehended, every stage has to be understood. The model explains the impact rather than the message. The effect suggests apparent modification in the receiver. It also implies that any variation in the features will transform the impact.

Weaver and Shannon's Model (1949). Also, it is referred to as the engineering communication model and is a model procedure of the school of thought. Additionally, it is termed as the mathematical communication theory as it gives a method to the challenge of how to deliver the maximum message in a specific channel. Weaver and Shannon, as engineers in world war II their primary contest was in realizing the most effective methods of human communication.

These communication models permit teachers to identify and comprehend the significance of excellent communication skills. The weaver and Shannon model identifies the two participants involved in a communication setup and mentions these as a receiver and source and most appropriate to teachers. Also, the environment must be recognized for successful communication for learners.

Principles of Communication

The active communication principles are context, content, and process. The process is nuanced and multifaceted as it entails items such as a message, receiver, sender, feedback, and channel (Fogel, 2017). The communication is for the receiver to comprehend the conveyed message. For this to occur, it is significant to:

1. Know my purpose
2. Know my audience
3. Know my topic
4. Present a rounded picture
5. Anticipate objections.
6. Present information in different techniques
7. Communicate in the right place.
8. Gain trust with my learners
9. Use numerous communication methods
10. Advance a practical, useful process to receive feedback.

Assessment is advantageous to teaching and learning when it guarantees the accuracy, authenticity, and reliability of the evaluation. Established models, principles, and theories of evaluation are substantial for effective teaching and learning,

Principles of Assessment

Authenticity: The learning objectives should be authentic in any topic of assessment. Authenticity outlines the intimacy and accuracy of the message acquired through assessment.

Reliability: The evaluation should be made dependable for the objective of making learning successful. Students will be benefitted from the review when the topic is reliable in education (Scott 2013). For instance, any assessment in the theory of communication should associate with the communication principle,...