Assignment Example on Sport Psychology

• 1. Which one of these organizations is sport psychology?
• a. Association for the Advancement of Applied Sport Psychology
• b. North American Society for Sport Psychology and Physical Activity
• American Sport Psychology Association
• d. All the above
• e. A. and b

Answer: A and B

• 2. The most reliable way to get knowledge is
• a. Introspection
• b. Intuition
• c. Shared experience
• d. A single case study
• e. Systematic observation

Answer: Intuition

• 3. Usually, educational sport psychologists have many years of experience.
• a. Psychology
• b. Education
• c. Exercise science and sport
• d. Sociology
• E. Educational psychology

Answer: Sport and exercise science

• 4. Which explanation(s) explains the gap in sport psychology research-to practice?
• a. There are very few forums that allow practitioners to share research results.
• b. Emphasis on laboratory research in the 1960s & 1970s
• c. The 1980s field experiments are highlighted
• d. All the above
• e. A. and b

Answer: A and B

• 5. The knowledge gained from working in the exercise and sport science fields is called
• A. Empirical knowledge
• b. Professional practice knowledge
• c. Scientific knowledge
• d. Professional knowledge
• e. Theoretical Knowledge

Answer: Professional Practice Knowledge

• 6. ________, the first president of International Society for Sport Psychology, is credited with much of the international development of sport psychology
• A. Franklin Henry
• b. Dietmar Klein
• c. Yuri Hanin
• d. Ferruccio Antonelli
• e. Gershon Tanenbarum

Answer: Ferruccio Antonelli

• 7. Scientifically derived knowledge has the greatest strength:
• a. Validity
• b. Reliability
• c. Importance
• d. Social Impact
• e. None

Answer: Reliability

• 8. Zajonc's theory of social facilitation predicts that
• a. An audience facilitates performance on well-learned tasks
• b. An audience facilitates performance on novel tasks
• c. An audience can hinder a person's performance on a well-learned task
• d. An audience does not affect performance
• e. Performance is increased on novel and well-learned tasks presented in front of an audience

Answer: An audience facilitates performance on well-learned tasks

• 9. Which of these journals are exercise and sport psychology journals?
• a. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology
• b. The Sport Psychologist
• Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology
• d. All the above
• e. A. and C

Answer: All the above

• 10. A researcher's approach to a problem would be more effective than a practitioner's.
• a. Systematic
• b. Controlled
• c. Empirical
• d. All the above
• e. A. and B

Answer: All the above

• 11. Which one of the following is not a method for knowing?
• a. A single case study
• b. Introspection
• c. Rationalalism
• d. Systematic observation

Answer: Rationality

• 12. First and foremost, sport and exercise psychology are a part of a healthy lifestyle.
• a. Science
• b. Art
• c. The applied field of study
• d. Lab-based field of study
• e. None

Answer: Science

• 13. Professional practice knowledge is the strength of professional practice.
• A. Holistic Nature
• b. Innovative contribution
• c. Scientific validity, reliability
• d. All the above
• e. A. and B

Answer: A and B

• 14. What successful coach is known for using a sport science approach to coaching?
• a. "Doc" Counsilman
• b. Robert Rotella
• c. Jim Thorpe
• d. Casey Stengel

Answer: "Doc" Counsilman

• 15. Science's ultimate goal is
• a. Prediction
• b. Description
• c. Explanation
• d. Control
• e. Theory

Answer: Theory

• 16. Coleman Griffith was a coach and athlete for the following athletes and coaches:
• a. Red Grange
• b. Knute rockne
• c. Dizzy Dean
• d. Babe Ruth

Answer: Babe Ruth

• 17. Which of these issues will sport and exercise psychology be facing in the future?
• a. Consulting in sport psychology by unqualified persons
• b. There are few full-time jobs in sport psychology that involve consulting with athletes.
• c. Physical education and exercise specialists are needed to obtain sport and exercise psychology information.
• d. All the above
• e. A. and C

Answer: All the above

• 18. American sport psychology's father is
• A. Coleman Griffith
• b. Rainer Martens
• c. Dan Landers
• d. Dan Gould
• e. Robert Singer

Answer: Coleman Griffith

• 19. Which of these events didn't occur in period 5?
• a. The Journal of Sport Psychology was founded
• b. The Olympic committee employed the first full-time sports psychologist.
• c. The Sport Psychologist journal was founded
• d. The licensure standards for sport psychologists were established
• e. APA Division 47 was created

Answer: The licensure standards for sport psychologists were established.

• 20. This is the most reliable way to gain knowledge.
• a. Introspection
• b. One case study
• c. Systematic observation
• d. Scientific method
• e. Shared experiences

Answer: Scientific method

• 21. It is necessary to actively apply knowledge about sport and exercise psychology
• a. Keep up-to-date with your scientific knowledge base
• b. Be realistic about the limitations and strengths of scientific principles
• c. Applying scientific principles to your professional practice
• d. All the above
• e. A. and B

Answer: All the above

• 22. Three roles are available to sport psychology specialists. These are:
• a. Teaching, research, consulting
• b. Teaching, administration, consulting
• c. Administration, research, and teaching
• d. Teaching, intervention, research

Answer: Intervention, teaching, consulting and Teaching, research, consulting

• 23. Some limitations of scientifically derived knowledge include that it is not always reliable.
• a. Is reductionistic
• b. It is very easy to evolve
• c. Is conservative
• d. All the above
• e. A. and C

Answer: A and C

• 24. Which one of the following statements (are) true
• a. Sport psychology is a discipline that focuses on elite athletes' concerns.
• b. Sport psychology is a discipline that focuses on young athletes competing in competitive sports.
• c. Sport psychology actually deals with both exercise and sport settings
• d. Sport psychology is focused on recreational athletes
• e. None

Answer: Actually, sport psychology deals with both exercise and sport settings.

• 25. The environment and the personal makeup of the performer influence behavior. This is an example of a
• A. Cognitive-behavioral orientation
• b. Behavioral orientation
• c. Cognitive-affective orientation
• d. Psychosocial orientation
• e. Cognitive-environmental orientation

Answer: Social-psychological orientation

• 26. Which of these events was NOT observed in the period 6 (2000-present),?
• a. Psychology of Sport and Exercise journal published in Europe
• b. The American Psychological Association's Division 47 focuses on sport psychology.
• c. Association for the Advancement of Applied Sport Psychology was established
• d. A, and C
• e.B and C

Answer: The Association for the Advancement of Applied Sport Psychology was established

• 27. Which of these researchers was NOT prominent in the period 1 (1895-1920?)?
• A. EW Scripture
• b. GT Patrick
• c. Norman Triplett
• d. R Cummins
• e. Ed McAuley

Answer: Ed McAuley

• 28. What professional association in sport psychology is responsible for developing standards to certification individuals who work in applied sport psychology?
• a. North American Society for the Psychology of Sport and Physical Activity
• b. International Society of Sport Psychology
• c. Association of Applied Sport Psychology
• d. American Psychological Association Division 47
• e. Applied Sport Psychology Society

Answer: Association of Applied Sport Psychology

• 29. Landers' research with his colleagues using biofeedback techniques for elite marksmen to shoot between their heartbeats is an excellent example of a successful experiment.
• A. Cognitive-behavioral orientation
• b. Cognitive-affective orientation
• c. Behavioral orientation
• d. Psychophysiological orientation
• e. Physiological-environmental orientation

Answer: Psychophysiological orientation

• 30. Which of these is NOT an American Psychological Association general ethical principle?
• a. Social responsibility
• b. Integrity
• c. Scientific and professional responsibility
• d. Individualization
• e. Competence

Answer: Individualization

• 31. Sport psychology saw a remarkable growth in the fifth period.
• a. Theoretical development
• b. Applied research
• c. Professional services
• d. A, and B
• e.B and C

Answer: B and C

• 32. What type of question does NOT fall under the "what effect do psychological elements have on an individual’s performance?" category?
• a. Is self-confidence a factor in a child's ability learn to swim?
• b. What does anxiety do to a tennis player's ability to serve accurately?
• Is running a good way to reduce anxiety and depression?
• d. How can punishment affect an individual's motivation for continuing to participate in sport?
• e. How does concentration impact performance in fine motor tasks

Answer: Is running a good way to reduce anxiety and depression?

• 33. An example of an anxiety disorder is test anxiety
• a. Trait measure
• b.Measurement of a situational-specific trait
• c. Situational-specific state measure

Answer: Measurement of situation-specific traits

• 34. Which one of the following statements regarding exercise and personality is true?
• a. Exercise and self-concept have a positive relationship
• b. Regular exercise has been shown to be associated with changes in Type A behavior from Type B behavior.
• c. Exercise participation is strongly linked to social self-concept
• d. A, and B
• e. A. and C

Answer: Exercise and self-concept have a positive relationship

• 35. You can better understand your personality by understanding the following:
• a. Be a good communicator
• b. Be an informed consumer
• c. Perform personality tests with athletes
• d. Be a good observer
• e. Take into account both personality traits as well as states

Answer: Take into account both personality traits as well as states

• 36. Morgan's mental-health model and the implications of his "iceberg profile" have been criticized in research.
• a. Only a small portion of athletes' performance variation can be attributed to the iceberg profile.
• b. The iceberg profile does not distinguish between athletes and non-athletes.
• c. The Profile Of Mood States (POMS), is not a reliable test
• d. A, and B
• e. A. and C

Answer: A and B

• 37. Morgan created the _______ model in order to explain the relationship between personality-mood state and athletic success
• a. Normative
• b. Mental health
• c. Psychological skills
• d. Psychopathology

Answer: Mental health

• 38. This is not an example of a situation-specific sport inventory.
• a. Group Environment Questionnaire
• b. Profile of Mood State
• c. Trait-State Confidence Inventory
• d. Competitive States Anxiety Inventory

Answer: Profile of Mood States

• 39. Morgan was able to predict ______ of the 16 rowers who would eventually make the US heavyweight rowing squad based on only psychological data.
• a. 5
• b. 12
• c. 10
• d. 14
• e. 7

Answer: 10

• 40. The "big five" personality model has been widely accepted in recent years. Which one of these personality factors isn't in the model's five?
• a. Agreeableness
• b. Conscientiousness
• c. Neuroticism
• d. Extraversion
• e. Depression

Answer: Depression

• 41. Which of these guidelines should you follow when administering testing to athletes?
• a. Explain to athletes the reason for the tests
• b. Ask athletes to describe the results of the tests
• c. Give specific feedback about test results
• d. All the above

Answer: All the above

• 42. Which of the following questions would an interactionalist researcher ask?
• a. Are anxious athletes more likely to perform in stressful situations than less anxious athletes?
• b. Are extroverts more successful than introverts when working in a group situation?
• c. Are highly motivated people more likely to choose to compete?
• d. Do children with high self-esteem choose competitive sport more than those with low self-esteem?

Answer: Are highly motivated people more likely to choose to compete?

• 43. Research into the personality profiles of athletes has revealed that they are different from non-athletes.
• a. Athletes and non-athletes are not distinguished by a particular personality profile.
• b. Anxiety levels in athletes are higher than those of non-athletes
• c. Non-athletes are more introverted as athletes
• d. At-heletes are more self-confident than nonathletes

Answer: Athletes and nonathletes are not distinguished by a particular personality profile.

• 44. The weakness of the psychodynamic approach to therapy is its
• a. Focus on the internal determinants that determine behavior
• b. Inattention to the social environment
• c. Solely focus on the external determinants that determine behavior
• d. A, and B
• e.B and C

Answer: A and B

• 45. Personality is viewed from a situational perspective.
• a. Different people behave in different situations
• b. Personality traits have a minimal effect on situations that are strong
• c. If the situation is stable, personality traits will have minimal impact.
• d. A, and B
• e. A. and C

Answer: A and C

• 46. A good example of this is showing a photo of an athlete fighting with an official, and asking them to write about it.
• a. Objective testing
• b. Projective Testing
• c. Multidimensional personality assessment
• d. Unidimensional personality assessment
• e. Psychological state-trait inventory

Answer: Projective testing

• 47. According to research in the psychological literature, nature (ex. genetics) accounts for roughly what percentage of behavior.
• a. 10-20%
• b. 20-30%
• c. 30-40%
• d. 50-60%
• e. 80-90%

Answer: 50-60%

• 48. Which one of the following statements is true?
• a. Female athletes who are successful differ from non-athletes in personality
• b. Female and male elite athletes share similar personality profiles
• c. Female non-athletes are more independent and aggressive than female athletes
• d. All the above

Answer: All the above

• 49. Which of these is/are important for administering psychological inventories
• a. Understanding of measurement errors and testing principles
• b. Sensitivity towards one's limitations
• c. Use tests to select team members
• d. All the above

Answer: All the above

• 50. Which of these is NOT a level of Hollander's personality structure model?
• A. Childhood experiences
• b. Psychological core
• c. Typical responses
• d. Behaviors that are related to the role of the ego
• e. A. and B

Answer: Childhood experiences

• 51. Interactional approaches assume that
• a. Behavior is affected by both personal and situational variables
• b. To determine behavior, personality interacts with the psychological core.
• c. Highly-aggressive people will, for instance, react aggressively to being placed in an aggressive environment
• d. A, and C
• e. A. and B

Answer: A and C

• 52. Eysenck & Eysenck believe that personality can be understood if you focus on the following traits.
• a. Neuroticism-stability
• b. Introversion-extroversion
• c. Relaxation-anxiety
• d. A, and B
• e. All of the preceding

Answer: Neuroticism-stability

• 53. It is the most superficial and easily modified part of a personality structure.
• a. Psychological core
• b. Behaviors that are related to the role of the body
• c. Role-related behavior
• d. Belief system

Answer: Role-related behavior

• 54. Erwin Apitzsch, a Swedish psychologist specializing in sport psychology, has recently applied the psychodynamic approach to sport. His work with athletes led to this new approach.
• a. The superego
• b. Protection mechanisms
• c. Ego development
• d. Early childhood experiences
• e. Id-superego conflicts

Answer: Protection mechanisms

• 55. Psychological testing can be done intra-individually.
• a. Comparison of individuals to population norms
• b. The scores of individuals are compared to how they score on a specific psychological inventory
• c. Individuals are compared with norms for their gender and age
• d. Individuals are compared using objective and subjective assessments

Answer: The scores of individuals are compared to how they score on a specific psychological inventory

• 56. The trait approach to personality presumes that
• a. Different situations can lead to different behaviors.
• b. Different situations can lead to people acting similarly
• c. The personality does not change over time
• d. A, and C
• e.B and C

Answer: B and C

• 57. Which subscale is not part of the Athletic Coping Skills Inventory's Athletic Coping Skills Inventory?
• a. Concentration
• b. Coaching
• c. Goal setting
• d. Imagery
• e. Freedom from worry

Answer: Imagery

• 58. Morgan created an iceberg profile. Which of these psychological characteristics are successful athletes typically display above the average of the population?
• A. Anxiety
• b. Anger
• c. Fatigue
• d. Vigor
• Confusion

Answer: Vigor

• 59. How many articles have you published about sport personality in professional sport psychology literatures?
• a. 100
• b. 300
• c. 1000
• d. 2000
• e. 5000

Answer: 1000

• 60. Which one of the following statements is true?
• a. Participation in competitive sports procedures alters personality structure
• b. Individual-sport athletes are more dependent than nonathletes and less anxious.
• c. Team-sport athletes are more independent and introverted than non-athletes
• d. A, and B
• e.B and C

Answer: Individual-sport athletes are more dependent than nonathletes and less anxious than the average person.

• 61. Based on in-depth interviews with Olympic athletes and medalists, which of these mental strategies did they exhibit?
• a. More positive self-talk
• b. Additional mental preparation
• c. Be prepared for unanticipated negative events
• d. All the above
• e. A. and B

Answer: All the above

• 62. Recent research using the Athletic Coping Skills Inventory, (ACSI), has shown that there is a relationship between performance and coping skills. The results have shown that
• a. A good psychological coping skill helps athletes get the best out of their abilities
• b. Professional baseball requires that you have good psychological coping skills.
• c. The ACSO can be used for team selection
• d. All the above
• e. A. and B

Answer: A and B

• 63. Some of the recent research on the relationship between mood and performance has been criticized. Which of these is NOT a recommendation for elite athletes to use mood profiling?
• a. It can be used to monitor your training load
• b. It can be used to monitor the acclimatization process
• c. Use it to predict team success
• d. Use it to monitor your emotional response to an injury
• e. It can be used to identify overtrained athletes

Answer: It can be used to predict team success

• 64. Trait anxiety is ___________ anxiety. State anxiety is ________ anxiety
• a. General; momentary
• b. Momentary; general
• c. Competitive; noncompetitive
• d. Competitive; noncompetitive

Answer: General; Momentary

• 65. Which one of these is NOT a reason to start an exercise program?
• a. Weight loss
• b. Fitness
• c. Health factors
• d. Affiliate
• e. To feel better

Answer: Affiliation

• 66. Both internal and external attributions can be linked
• a. Emotional reactions
• b. Cognitions
• c. Expectations
• d. Behavioral intent
• e. Self-talk

Answer: Emotional reactions

• 67. It is the most difficult, but most crucial component of creating sport and exercise environments that meet the needs of an athlete or exerciser.
• A. Individualizing your coaching or teaching
• b. Establishing a rigorous training environment
• c. Choosing the motivational strategy to use
• d. Balance intrinsic and extrinsic motivation

Answer: Coaching and teaching should be personalized

• 68. The research of developmental psychologists was the basis for competency motivation theory.
• a. Tara Scanlan
• b. Susan Harter
• c. Thelma H.
• d. Glyn Roberts
• e. Albert Bandura

Answer: Susan Harter

• 69. Which one of the following statements (are) true
• a. Instead of focusing on the outcome, mastery goals should be used
• b. Student athletes should be encouraged to give feedback that emphasizes the importance of pointing out their high abilities and hard work.
• c. Failure should not be seen as a lack of effort but rather as a lack of ability. Attributions should be highlighted after failure
• d. All the above

Answer: All the above

• 70. Which of the following statements is true about need achievement theory?
• a. High achievers are motivated to succeed and have low motivation to fail.
• b. High achievers love to evaluate their capabilities
• c. Low achievers are often preoccupied by thoughts of failure
• d. All the above
• e. A. and C

Answer: High achievers enjoy evaluating their capabilities

• 71. What is the most common outcome of a task goal orientation?
• A. Persistence in the face failure
• b. Choosing difficult tasks or opposing teams
• c. Strong work ethics
• d. All the above
• e. A. and B

Answer: All the above

• 72. The Attribution Theory focuses on
• a. How people explain success and failure
• b. How do groups explain their personalities?
• c. How people explain their personality traits
• d. How people explain their biases
• e. None

Answer: What individuals say about their success or failure

• 73. It is crucial to influence the behavior and performance of exercise and sport participants.
• a. Motivation
• b. Physiology
• c. Biomechanics
• d. Sociological factors
• e. All of the preceding

Answer: All the above

• 74. Motivation can be described as:
• a. The intensity and direction of an individual's efforts
• b. The direction and breadth of one's efforts
• c. One's intensity of effort
• d. Direction of one's efforts
• e. None

Answer: The intensity and direction one puts into their efforts

• 75. What are the main situational considerations in need attainment theory?
• A. Success probability; motivation to succeed
• b. Probability and incentive value for success
• c. Motivation for achievement; success probability
• d. Incentive value of success; pride and shame
• e. Pride or shame, probability of success

Answer: Probability of success; incentives value of success

• 76. Motivation is often the result of personal experience.
• a. Personal factors
• b. Factors that are specific to your situation
• c. A combination personal and situation factors
• d. Previous success stories or failures
• e. None

Answer: Combination of personal and contextual factors

• 77. It is important to understand the motivations of students, athletes, and exercisers.
• a. Watch participants and see what they love or dislike about the activity.
• b. Talk to other athletes and exercisers
• c. Ask participants to periodically list their reasons for participating
• d. All the above

Answer: All the above

• 78. A sport-specific motivation for achievement is known as
• a. Competitiveness
• b. Confidence
• c. Mental preparation
• d. Mental toughness
• e. None

Answer: Competitiveness

• 79. What type of motivational climate leads to the most adaptive motivational change?
• A. Mastery
• b. Performance
• c. The Outcome
• d. Decision making
• e. Attributional

Answer: Mastery

• 80. Retraining attribute is generally about changing
• a. Low-ability Attributions
• b. High-effort Attributions
• c. Attributions of High-ability
• d. Attribution of task difficulty

Answer: Attributions to e. Luck and Attributions with low-ability

• 81. Which view of motivation is most popularly supported by sport psychologists and sports psychologists?
• a. Trait
• b. Situation
• c. Interactionalistic
• d. Individualist
• e. None

Answer: Interactionalistic

• 82. Which of these is NOT a general motivational approach?
• a. Trait
• b. Situation
• c. Individualistic
• d. Interactionalist
• e. None

Answer: Individualistic

• 83. Interactionalist motivation theory argues that motivation is an interaction between which two factors.
• a. Situation and trait
• b. Individualistic and trait
• c. Individualistic and situational
• d. Personal and Trait
• e. Individualistic and personal

Answer: Situation and trait

• 84. The following is the definition of "A disposition to seek satisfaction in making comparisons with the standard of excellence when the presence of evaluative other":
• a. Motivation to achieve in sport or competition
• b. Self-esteem
• c. Self-confidence
• d. Self-concept
• e. None

Answer: Motivation to achieve in sport and competitiveness

• 85. It is inconvenient to define motivation in different ways.
• a. Motivation is a broad topic that is often hard to define.
• b. Many practitioners don't realize how motivational strategies inter- and influence each other.
• c. Extrinsic motivation can be confused with intrinsic motivation
• d. A, and B
• e. A. and C

Answer: A and B

• 86. Which situation is the most motivating for high achievers to engage in achievement behavior?
• a. 50% chance of success
• b. 25% chance of success
• c. 70% chance of success
• d. 60% success rate
• e. Chance of success: 10%

Answer: 50% chance of success

• 87. Competence motivation models _______ and _____ influence perception of competence. This in turn influences affect, motivation, and motivation.
• a. Feedback; Attributions
• b. Feedback; Motivational orientations
• c. Motivational orientations and attributions
• d. Motivational environment; self-esteem
• e. Perceived Control; Feedback

Answer: Motivational orientations and feedback

• 88. A better opponent can motivate an athlete more than she can play against. This is an example of motivation.
• a. Trait
• b. Situation
• c. Interactionalist
• d. Individualistic
• e. None

Answer: Situation

• 89. Which one of the following statements is true?
• a. Instead of focusing on the outcome, mastery goals should be used
• b. Student athletes should be encouraged to give feedback that emphasizes the importance of pointing out their high abilities and hard work.
• c. After fatigue, it is important to emphasize that there was not enough effort.
• d. All the above

Answer: All the above

• 90. Which situation is the most motivating for low-achieving people to engage in achievement behavior?
• a. 50% chance of success
• b. 25% chance of success
• c. 75% success rate
• d. 60% success rate
• e. Chance of success: 10%

Answer: 50% chance of success

• 91. Sorrentino & Sheppard conducted a study on swimmer motivation and found that it was high.
• A. Approval-oriented swimmers showed faster times in the group situation than in the individual.
• b. Approval-oriented swimmers showed faster times in the individual situation that in the group
• c. Rejection-oriented swimmers swim faster in relay than individual situations
• d. A, and C
• e.B and C

Answer: A and C

• 92. Which one of the following is not an attributional type?
• a. Stability
• b. Causality
• c. Control
• d. Persistence

Answer: Persistence

• 93. Bill is constantly concerned about comparing his abilities to other people's and winning. Bill is a great example of this.
• A. Mastery goal orientation
• b. Task goal orientation
• c. Attributional goal orientation
• d. Goal orientation
• e. Achievement goal orientation

Answer: Outcome orientation

• 94. "Self-competition," refers to _______, while performance in socially evaluative circumstances refers to ____________
• a. Motivation for achievement and competition
• b. Motivation for achievement, competition
• c. Motivation for achievement, social facilitation
• d. Competition, ego involvement

Answer: Motivation for achievement; competition

• 95. Which stage is not a step in your development as a competitiveness and achievement motivation leader?
• a. Autonomous competence
• b. Integrated
• c. Social comparison
• d. Perceived competence

Answer: Competence perceived

• 96. Motivation can be used as a term in the sport psychology literature.
• a. A characteristic of the internal personality
• b. External influence
• c. The consequence of an explanation for behavior
• d. All the above
• e. A. and B

Answer: All the above

• 97. A great way to influence undesirable participant motivations is
• a. Behavior modification
• b. Cognitive intervention
• c. Rational emotive Therapy
• d. Cognitive restructuring
• e. Self-monitoring

Answer: Behavior modification

• 98. Ability is a (n) __________ or ___________ attribute
• a. External; stable
• b. Stable; internal
• c. Unstable
• d. Instabile; external
• e. Controllable, but unstable

Answer: Stable; internal

• 99. Stable attributions can be linked
• a. Affect
• b. Cognitions
• c. Future state of affairs or failures
• d. Emotions
• e. None

Answer: Future state of affairs or future failures: Expectations

• 100. Which one of these is NOT a major reason to exercise or participate in sports?
• a. Have fun
• b. Be with friends
• c. Enhancing skills
• d. Pleasing parents
• e. Developing Fitness

Answer: Parents who are happy

• 101. Individuals' learned helplessness is the most defining characteristic.
• A. Attributing success effort
• b. Feeling that their actions do not have an impact on the desired outcomes
• c. Attributing bad luck to failure
• d. Feeling in control of their actions
• e. None

Answer: They feel that their actions do not have an impact on the desired outcomes

• 102. According to the catastrophe theory, an athlete must recover from a disaster.
• a. Relax completely
• b. Cognitive restructuring can help control your worries
• c. Controlled activation
• d. All the above
• e. A. and B

Answer: All the above

• 103. Refers to a significant imbalance between demand, response capability and failure risk under circumstances in which failure can have important consequences.
• a. Arousal
• b. Sensational Pressure
• c. Stress
• d. State anxiety
• e. Trait anxiety

Answer: Stress

• 104. Which one of the following statements is true?
• a. Anxiety is always a debilitating factor in performance
• b. Higher levels of performance are seen in athletes who see their anxiety as helping rather than hindering their performances
• c. Intensity of anxiety is more important that its direction
• d. A, and B
• e.B and C

Answer: Higher levels of performance are seen in athletes who see their anxiety as helping rather than hindering their performances.

• 105. It is evident that there is a linear relationship between arousal levels and performance.
• a. Performance decreases as arousal rises
• b. Performance decreases when arousal drops
• c. Performance increases with increasing arousal
• d. Performance increases as arousal falls
• e. Performance decreases when arousal performance is above an optimal level

Answer: Performance increases as arousal rises

• 106. Which of these is NOT a sign of heightened anxiety?
• A. Profound sweating
• b. Slow breathing
• c. An increase in muscle tension
• d. Inability or unwillingness to concentrate
• e. Sleeping difficulties

Answer: Slow breathing

• 107. Refers to a moment-to-moment shift in physiological activation.
• A. Cognitive state anxiety
• b. Somatic anxiety
• c. Activation
• d. Trait anxiety
• e. Stress

Answer: Anxiety about the somatic state

• 108. Both the importance of an event and the uncertainty surrounding its actions are sources of inspiration.
• a. State anxiety
• b. Trait anxiety
• c. Arousal
• d. Personal Stress
• e. Situational stress

Answer: Situational stress

• 109. Hanin's research on the individualized zones of optimal function argues that an athlete must have these areas in order to achieve peak performance.
• a. A state of optimal anxiety
• b. A level of trait anxiety that is optimal
• c. A state of optimal anxiety and other emotions
• d. A level of arousal that is optimal
• e. A level of physiological arousal that is optimal

Answer: A state of optimal anxiety and other emotions

• 110. Arousal is the state of being aroused.
• a. Direction for motivation
• b. Motivational intensity
• c. Frequency and motivation
• d. Interaction between cognition and emotions
• e. A. and D

Answer: Motivational intensity

• 111. According to the inverted U-hypothesis,
• a. Performance decreases as arousal rises
• b. Arousal can either be too high or low
• c. Top performance is at a moderate level arousal
• d. A, and C
• e.B and C

Answer: B and C

• 112. Hanin's Zones of Optimal Functioning Approach suggests that
• a. Every individual has an optimal level of efficiency
• b. Moderate arousal will result in the best performance
• c. High arousal results in better performance
• d. All individuals are in the same zone of optimal functioning
• e. None

Answer: Every individual is unique and has their own optimal level of efficiency

• 113. There is a direct correlation between one's level and another.
• a. Cognitive anxiety and somatic worry
• b. State anxiety and trait anxiety
• c. Stress and Arousal
• d. A, and C
• e.B and C

Answer: State anxiety and trait anxiety

• 114. What stage of the stress response does the physiological response and decision-making occur?
• a. 1. Stage
• b. Stage 2
• c. Stage 3
• d. Stage 4

Answer: Stage 3

• 115. What personality traits are related to state anxiety change?
• a. Trait anxiety
• b. Social physique anxiety
• c. Self-esteem
• d. All the above
• e. A. and C

Answer: All the above

• 116. Higher self-esteem athletes are more likely than others to experience low self-esteem.
• a. Low levels of confidence and high levels of state anxiety
• b. Low levels of confidence and low anxiety
• c. Low trait anxiety and confidence
• d. High levels of confidence and anxiety
• e. Low confidence, low arousal

Answer: Low levels of confidence and high levels of state anxiety

• 117. According to catastrophe theory, a "catastrophe” occurs when there is no other way to describe it.
• a. Anxiety about trait and state of high anxiety
• b. High levels of cognitive and somatic anxiety
• c. High cognitive and physiological anxiety
• d. High physiological anxiety and high somatic anxiety
• e. None

Answer: High levels of cognitive anxiety and physiological arousal

• 118. Which of these is NOT a manifestation of excessive state anxiety?
• a. Feeling threatened
• b. Muscle tension
• c. Attentional problems
• d. A, and C
• e. B and C

Answer: Feeling threatened

• 119. These guidelines are appropriate for applying anxiety and arousal knowledge.
• a. Recognizing signs of anxiety and increased arousal
• b. Understanding how situational and personal factors affect arousal levels and performance
• c. Individual tailoring of coaching and teaching practices
• d. All the above
• e. A. and C

Answer: All the above

• 120. The quarterback must shift his attention from scouting the field for receivers to delivering a pass. This would take place at
• A. Broad-external to wide-internal
• b. Broad-external and broad-external
• c. Broad-external, to narrow-external
• d. Broad-external and narrow-internal
• e. Broad-external to close-external

Answer: Broad-external to close-external

• 121. Multidimensional anxiety theory predicts
• a. Negative relationship between cognitive anxiety, performance and memory
• b. A relationship inverted-U between somatic anxiety, performance and somatic anxiety
• c. A reverse-U relationship between cognitive anxiety and performance
• d. A, and C
• e. A. and B

Answer: A and B

• 122. Performance and arousal depend on how one interprets the arousal level. This is the fundamental approach to
• a. The Catastrophe Theory
• b. Theory of driving
• c. Reversal theory
• d. Inverted U Hypothesis
• e. Zones for optimal functioning

Answer: Reversal theory

• 123. Which of these statements is true about the home-court advantage
• a. It is most prominent in football and baseball
• b. Between 1924 and 1982 the home team in the Baseball World Series won 77% of the games.
• c. In the National Basketball Association, 47% of home teams won between 1984 and 1994 when there was a seventh match during the play-offs
• d. A, and B
• e. None

Answer: None of the above

• 124. Which theory predicts that there is a linear relationship between performance and arousal?
• a. The Catastrophe Theory
• b. Theory of driving
• c. Inverted theory
• d. Zones for optimal functioning
• e. Reversal theory

Answer: Driving theory

• 125. An athlete who is highly anxious about their traits (as opposed to an athlete who is less anxious) might perceive competition as a threat.
• a. Less threatening and more anxiety-producing
• b. Less frightening and anxiety-producing
• c. Fearful and anxious feelings
• d. Less frightening and more anxiety-producing
• e. None

Answer: Anxiety is more threatening and can be more frightening

• 126. A general level of anxiety that remains relatively stable over time is called
• a. Trait anxiety
• b. State anxiety
• c. Cognitive anxiety
• d. Somatic anxiety
• e. Arousal

Answer: Trait anxiety

• 127. Weinberg and Hurt (1976) conducted a study of college students with high- and low-level trait anxiety.
• a. Infeasible performance was caused by increased muscle soreness
• b. Inflation in muscle tension was a contributing factor to poor performance
• c. Inadequate performance due to increased coordination problems
• d. A, and C
• e.B and C

Answer: B and C

• 128. Basketball and football are two examples of team sports.
• a. Competitive means--competitive ends
• b. Cooperative means--competitive ends
• c. Individual means--individual goals
• d. Cooperative means--cooperative ends
• e. Individual ends - cooperative means

Answer: Cooperative means-competitive ends

• 129. Kelley and Stahelski found that Kelley's and Stahelski had used the prisoner's dilemma to study this issue.
• a. Competition was arranged by competitors to draw cooperators
• b. Competitors were drawn into cooperation by cooperators
• c. Competitors competed while cooperators worked together
• d. A, and C
• e.B and C

Answer: Competitors attracted cooperators to the competition

• 130. Which one of the following are characteristics of cooperative gaming?
• a. They don't require much equipment or money.
• b. They stress participation by all players
• c. Players learn from their mistakes and not hide from them
• d. All the above
• e. A. and B

Answer: All the above

• 131. Coakley defines competition as
• a. Situation where rewards are shared equally between participants
• b. A social process in which rewards are given based on comparative performance
• c. Situation where the participants' goals are interdependent
• d. B. and C
• e. None

Answer: A social process in which rewards are given based on comparative performance.

• 132. The experimenters were the first to participate in the Sherif-Sherif field experiments.
• a. Created strong group identity
• b. Facilitated cooperation between counselors
• c. Created competition between counselors

Answer: Created a strong group identity

• 133. Orlick's 14-week study on the effects of cooperative games found that
• a. Children exposed to cooperative games displayed three times more cooperative behavior during free play than those in the control group.
• b. The games played by the control group were more focused on individualistic concerns.
• c. Children who were exposed to cooperative games had higher self-esteem after the program than children in the control group.
• d. All the above
• e. A. and B

Answer: A and B

• 134. One athlete is excited for competition, while the other is anxious about the next event. This is an example
• a. Objective competitive situation
• b. The subjective competitive situation
• c.The subjective competitive environment

Answer: The subjective competitive environment

• 135. Which one of the following statements (are) false?
• a. More boys play competitive games than girls
• b. Boys' games are more risk-taking and aggressive than girls' games
• c. Girls often play in male-dominated groups more often than boys, and vice versa.
• d. None
• e. A. and C

Answer: None of the above

• 136. Marten's definitions of competition are key.
• a. Comparison of social factors
• b. Observational Learning
• c. Objective result
• d. Positive reinforcement
• e. None

Answer: Comparison of social factors

• 137. Which of the following statements is true in relation to stage 2's subjective competitive situation?
• a. On win orientation, males scored higher than their female counterparts
• b. Females scored higher on goal orientation than their male counterparts
• c. Competitive orientation: Athletes are more successful than nonathletes
• d. All the above
• e. A. and B

Answer: All the above

• 138. ____________ is a planned, structured and repetitive physical activity.
• a. A.
• b. Exercise
• c. Leisure activity
• d. Sport

Answer: Exercise

• 139. A Sport Psychology Practitioner can be expected to teach, consult, or conduct research.
• a. True
• b. False

Answer: True

• 140. In a study looking at the effects of imagery and stress, what would be the independent variable?
• a. None of these answers
• b. Stress
• c. Imagery
• d. Stress and imagery

Answer: Imagery

• 141. Cognitive-behavioral orientation teaches that behavior can be determined by:
• a. The brain's psychophysiological processes underlie this.
• b. Both the environment and your thoughts
• c. The personal and social environment

Answer: Both environment and thoughts

• 142. Zajonc's theory of social facilitation predicts this performance.
• a. An audience facilitates the completion of well-learned tasks.
• b. An audience can hinder the ability to perform well-learned tasks
• c. Does not get affected by an audience

Answer: An audience facilitates the discussion of novel tasks and An audience facilitates the learning of well-learned tasks

• 143. ________ (are) how we adjust to our environment
• a. Psychological core
• b. Behaviors that are related to the role of the body
• c.Common responses
• d. Belief Systems

Answer: Common responses

• 144. Individuals are compared using an intra-individual approach for psychological testing.
• a. To population norms
• b. How they score on a psychological inventory
• c. To gender and age norms
• d. Based upon objective and subjective assessments

Answer: How they score on a psychological inventory

• 145. An example of aggressive people in aggressive situations is:
• a. Psychodynamic Approach
• b. The interactional approach
• c. The trait approach
• d. The situational approach

Answer: The interactional approach

• 146. This part of the personality structure is the most unstable and is greatly affected by the current situation
• a. Psychological core
• b. Common responses
• c. Role-related behavior
• d. None

Answer: Role-related behavior

• 147. Which of these is NOT a guideline to use mood profiling with elite athletes
• a. It can be used to monitor your training load
• b. It can be used to monitor the acclimatization process
• c. Use it to predict team success
• d. It can be used to identify overtrained athletes

Answer: It can be used to predict team success

• 148. Motivation for achievement can be best viewed as:
• a. Situational factors
• b. A personality factor
• c. An attributeal factor
• d. An unstable factor

Answer: Personality factor

• 149. Stable attributions can be linked to:
• a. Affect
• b. Cognition
• c. Future success or failure expectations
• d. Physiological manifestations

Answer: Future success or failure: Expectations

• 150. Ewing and Seefeldt (1996) say that this is not a reason youth sports participation is encouraged.
• a. Have fun
• b. Be with friends
• c. Experiencing excitement
• d. All are cited reasons

Answer: All are cited reasons

• 151. High achievers are more concerned with emotional factors than low achievers. They focus on _____________, while those who do not achieve this focus on ____________.
• a. Elation; depression
• b. Fun; depression
• c. Pride; depression
• d. Pride and shame

Answer: Pride and shame

• 152. The best way to predict situations in which there is a chance of success is with need achievement theory
• a. High (>75%)
• b. Low (25%)
• c. Moderate (50%)
• d. None

Answer: Moderate (50%)

• 153. The catastrophe model predicts that a disaster will occur with:
• a. High trait and state anxiety
• b. High cognitive anxiety and physiological arousal
• c. High somatic and physiological anxiety
• d. High physiological arousal and somatic anxiety

Answer: High levels of cognitive anxiety and physiological arousal

• 154. This is not a major factor in stress response.
• a. Environmental demands
• b. Behavioral consequences
• c. Demand perceptions
• d. All the above

Answer: All the above

• 155. It would be more difficult to control state anxiety in an experiment than trait anxiety.
• a. True
• b. False

Answer: False

• 156. Which state is truthful?
• a. Anxiety is generally perceived by athletes as being more facilitating.
• b. Performance can be enhanced by combining positive emotions
• c. Situational and personal factors influence anxiety interpretation
• d. All the above are true

Answer: All of the above is true

• 157. What is the major difference between the inverted U hypothesis (IZOF), and the Individualized Zones of Optimal Functioning(IZOF).
• Optimal anxiety can be viewed as a bandwidth in IZOF
• b. The midpoint of the Inverted U is where optimal arousal takes place
• c. IZOF takes into account cognitive factors
• d. A and B
• e. None

Answer: Both A and B

• 158. Cooperative games have the following characteristics:
• a. They don't require much equipment or money.
• b. They encourage greater participation from the best players
• c. Players learn from their mistakes and not hide from them
• d. A and C
• e. Both A and B

Answer: They require very little money or equipment.

• 159. Research shows that athletes are generally less successful than non-athletes.
• a. True
• b. False

Answer: False

• 160. The Sport Orientations Questionnaire, (SOQ), includes all the above except
• a. Competitiveness
• b. Win orientation
• c. Motivation
• d. Goal orientation

Answer: Motivation

• 161. Which one of the following statements are true?
• a. More boys play competitive games than girls
• b. Boys' games are more aggressive than girls'
• c. Girls are more likely to be in male groups than boys.
• d. A and C

Answer: Both A and B