Yom Kippur War: US & USSR's Indirect Conflict Over Arab-Israel Battle - Essay Sample

Introduction

The October war emerged as an influence of international relations to test the durability of the United States to encourage it to involve in Arab and Israel battle to fulfill their foreign policy agenda. Yom Kippur war was enhanced by Syria and Egypt around 1973, October 6 which made the Soviet Union and American to begin indirect conflict to defend the allies in favour of Arabs Nations (Gbanie et al., 2018). Following the Arab-Israel battles, the forces in Egypt was able to cross the Suez Canal successfully where only the casualties experienced sufferings. Thus, the Syrian army introduced the offences against the authorities in Israel where it broke the Golan Heights. The American was reluctant to assist Israel when the Soviet Union began resupplying effort to Syria and Egypt. Israel acquired the victory where the Jewish country regulated the territory. Egypt lost almost 23,000 acres of land to Gaza Strip, and Sinai Peninsulas in the areas of Syria and East Jerusalem. Anwar El-Sadat became the economic leader who organized the crusade against the land of Israel. The victory associated with Israel as results of lack of preparedness among the government. After Egypt suffered due to the military defeat, the Jewish initiated Egypt to acquire prestige over the Sadat in the Middle East. However, the study focused on the impacts of October war to the different nations such as Egypt, Syria as well as the United States

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Research Questions

• Concerning the Arabs and Israel battle, the study focused on the following concerns
• How did the conflict emerge between Egypt, Syria and Israel?
• What were the impacts of war on the Arabs, the United States and Russia?

Literature Review

The Emergence of Conflicts Between Egypt, Syria and Israel

In 1967, the forces of Israel attacked Jordan, Syria and Egypt, which led to adverse impacts on historical Egypt and Palestine as well as Syria in Golan Heights. Rosenberg (2015) argued that Cold War politics between Soviets offered weapons to the Arabs nations as well as the United State, which brought the two blocks to the military battle since Cuban Missile threats in 1962. However, Israel was unable to overcome the Sinai from military operation since Israel provided peace deal to withdraw the Golda Meir. According to the various studies, the Egyptians lacked interest in the acquisition of relevant materials but involved in peace conversations with Israel to obtain Golan Heights (Dunn, 2016). Besides, the Syrians and Egyptians launched a conflict on Yom Kippur where all television or radio broadcasts, transportation and shops were closed. Multiple studies have indicated that around 1973, 30 years, ago, the Syrian and Egyptians coordinated the conflicts on the Israel forces mostly in the Golan Heights and Sinai (Blau, 2015). Following the Yom Kippur battle and October War, this attack lasted for a long time when Moscow and Washington who worked via United Nations was forced to eradicate fire mainly on warring parties.

The Yom Kippur affected international relations since it wanted to test the durability of the American that is the Soviet detente as well as the Arab and Israel battle foreign policy agenda. The issue of the energy crisis, superpower confrontation and regional instability made the United States face problems. Washington played a significant role in ensuring there were objectives regarding the territory and security of Israel and Arabs. Thus, the American offered vital information concerning the decisions, perceptions and polities during the battle.

Secondly, the acute failure made the October war emery since Israel failed to predict the impacts of the war where Egyptians lacked adequate preparedness. Russia acquired deception techniques from different military doctrine such as Maskirovka. The methods monopolized the intelligent resources of Israel through imposition false warnings agendas making Israel unable to proceed with the war. Finally, the conflict ended by Israel obtaining the victory, although the Egyptians failed to safeguarded air missiles, Suez Canal, and Bar-Lev Line breach. Also, Syrians received benefits from Golan Heights as the intelligence attaining Marwan Ashraf. The route of Israel and Arabs armies resulted in laxity desire of arrogance and overconfidence concerning the capabilities towards the Arabs military. The Arabs armies failed to attack Israel since they did not match their power. Thus, Moshe Dayan criticized the Arabs because they were not prepared to conquer the battle, although he was not competent in peacemaking among the states

According to recent scholars, the October War analysts such as Janice Cross Stein, Kenneth W. Stein and William P. Quandt explored the main developments and problems that is Syrian and Egyptians superpower relations and objectives with the belligerents, America and intelligence of Israel (Coccia, 2018). Washington and Moscow involved in the conflicts against Sadat and Kasssinger personalities. Hence, according to the researchers, the October war emerged because the United States intelligence failed to withstand the growing risk of war as indicated by Ray Cline, the chief of the state Department (Index & Room, 2016). There were advance warnings imposed by Egypt and Syria forces regarding the attack which was obtained by Kissinger and Israelis and the advice offered to the Gold Meir the Prime Minister to disregard the preemptive acts (Pemberton, 2017). The was confusion in the intelligence in the American community concerning the possibility of the battle. The decisions of Kissingers offered military support in Israel and enabled them to remain connected with Arab leaders to boost diplomatic influence in the United States. The Kissingers downplayed the threats of Arabs on the production of cuts and oil embargo. Under the personal control of Kissinger, the telcos are under the review of Department of State and National Archives.

Lastly, the peace efforts concerning the Middle East ensured the Gunnar Jarring in the United Nations and William Rogers, the secretary of America planned to settle the battle problems due to the failure of the initiative. According to Khan (2017), Israelis became irresponsible to the Nixon and Egyptians overtures, which was fulfilled with a preoccupation with the issue of Vietnam and peace. Hence, the Anwar Sadat, the president of Egypt, developed the interest of establishing the ties with Washington, which expelled the Soviet advisers around mid-1972. Cairo Moscow continued to supply the Moscow and military support to Syria to ensure their defeat. According to various studies, emergency of the diplomacy stalemated, made Sadat secure the political intervention in the United States to allow their negotiations. Regarding the Egyptians influence, Sadat enabled Israel to won the battle through the provision of war.

The Impacts of War on the Arabs, the United States and Russia

The Arabs engaged in the war since they desired to protect and safeguard the interest of their nation, unlike the Palestinian. The aim or goal of Arabs was to achieve the territory, unlike creating Palestine conducive environment. For example, Jordan began issuing an agreement not attack Israel due to the British mandate expiry. Jordan acquired Egypt, especially on the Gaza Strip as well as West Bank (Index & Room, 2016). Besides, the Arabs involved in the war because Saudi Arabia pertinent endorsed the views of oil sales embargo, which led to grievances with Palestine. The embargo attack introduced legitimate rights to the people. So, Saudi Arabia becomes superior over Iran and Russia to incorporate bargaining device from the Palestinian, which demonstrated inadequate solidarity among countries like Arabs.

The war resulted in airlifts, battlefield statements as well as oil problems. The Israel and Arabs forces were involved in the conflicts where the Israel militants bombed the Damascus airport. Israeli, American and Greek intelligence indicated that the Soviets supplied the Arabs with different customers. Thus, Israel acquired the opportunity to associate the cargo with missiles where the Soviets believed that the support would enable Moscow to gain prestige over the Arab nations. Multiple studies have indicated that the government in Egypt offered the American with interest concerning the information on political development and battlefield (Gbanie, Griffin, & Thornton, 2018). Also, October conflicts affected the nations because it resulted to the military triumphs where the Syrians and Egyptians believed that the attack could make the Israelis, as well as Arab forces, surrender the Suez Canal mostly in the Golan Heights.

Methods

The study employed a descriptive research design which relied on qualitative techniques to gather the information that indicated how people perceive the October war. The data collected comprised of the opinions, views, feelings, norms, aspirations and values, which built the in-depth picture on the impacts of the war. The qualitative methods manifested how individuals understood their problems, priorities and expectations that surround them. The research employed non-probability sampling techniques without any requirement for the sample to represent the entire population. The study decided which data to be collected to address the issues under the investigation. After data identification, the study agreed on whom to gather and the tools to be employed. The data collection methods comprised of the questionnaires and interview schedules. The descriptions stated the impacts of October war to Israel, Arabs as well as the United States. Following the procedures for data collection, the research provides a brief description of how the information will be obtained by preparing for the fieldwork. The data were analyzed in terms of tables, pie charts through calculated percentages to present data to understand and identify the patterns and the treads.

However, there were problems due to the ethnic and age background of the respondents and researcher, type of data and language and tools employed during the study. For example, both the communication and transport system were not accessible in some areas as well as during rainy seasons, making it hard to reach those places since it took a long time making the research expensive. Also, various societies failed to provide information due to the differences in ethnic groups. So, it was hard to obtain information in such communities. However, the research was aware of the dangers associated with the study to achieve appropriate findings. For example, the study relied on the validity, which is the meaningfulness and accuracy, which determines the study. Hence the idea achieved through this study was the representation of the problems identified. Reliability entails the measure in which the research instruments make consistent data results. Therefore, pilot testing was employed to examine the reliability and validity of the data gathered to avoid random error associated with ambiguous instructions and inaccurate coding.

Findings

From the research, the different results were obtained. First, the October war changed the countries as well as the entire world and even the United States and Russia, where the battle followed the introduction of peacemakers in the Middle East areas. The soviets provided essential materials of the war where the American threatened peace. The Anwar Sadat, one of the leaders in countries, chased the advisors of soviets in Cairo and whole Egypt to examine the diplomacy prospects resulting to unity and solidarity after the battle (Tal, 2016). Peacemaking followed the American diplomacy foundation in Arabs and Israel affairs, which was enhanced by the Security Council resolution of the United Nations.

Fi...