Research Paper on Global Cities Re-Imagine Labour, Capital and Inequality Challenges

Introduction

There have been changes in global cities, labour, and capital management. Cities tend to cluster their demand for capital and labour to experience growth in the economy. Besides, money and labour apply in the cities since it affects the rate production from their factories, hence a global issue that affects the growth of the economy. However, there have been inequalities surrounding the issue of labour, where the female gender is discriminated against specific occupations. Generally, labour and capital is a global issue that affects the economy and gender equity.

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"Delhi has served as a capital for several centuries because of its strategic location. It is a unique city, a kaleidoscope of old tradition and new forces. The finance system for agencies and individuals needs to be improved to increase the capital flow in the formal market and to facilitate the reduced rate of interest" (Sivam 2003). In this aspect, New Delhi plans to plans to have an increase in their capital flow, which is essential to the growth of their economy.

According to Butler and Lees (2006), "there is a distinctive gender division of labour in which the female partners, who are highly educated and have often had highflying careers in similar jobs to their husbands, tend not to work, harks back, at least superficially, to the traditional suburban 'stay at home mom." Labour is affected by gender disparities, where the female are not allowed to practice their knowledge at the workplace. Generally, labour affects the female gender, which is not accorded the opportunity to work despite the same level of education as men in society.

"From a capital point of view, it may not make sense for VF to continue to build its plants. "What I would like to see is supplier relationships that work as closely with us as do internal plants" (Pisano and Adams, 2009). Capital plays an integral part of economic development when combined with production. New plants require labor from members of the public which helps produce goods thereby expanding a city's economy and fueling growth.

"The financing of the redevelopment hinged on unlocking and redistributing booming real estate wealth through more efficient land use and the use of private capital" (Iyer, Macomber, and Arora, 2011). The plan of a city to invest their capital in real estate development will ensure efficient use of the natural resource, land, hence the growth of their economy. The towns are drivers for the global economy. Proper utilization of capital and labour, without gender biases, will guarantee maximum production, hence developments in the world.

Inequality

There are evident cases of inequality in cities across the globe. While the economy is growing in some cities, there is a dramatic increase in wealth inequality, which is illustrated by underdevelopment, such as slums. The disparity between the rich and the poor is extensive, with most of the populations in the low class. Despite the growth and developments of cites, there is an uneven distribution of wealth, which has led to an increase in crime besides the low standards of living.

Butler and Lees (2006) state that "The growing inequality that is occurring is the result of the substantial increases in individual earnings and household income at the top" The illustration reveals that the high-class population has increased their wealth from the extensive individual earnings, which is an indication of social classes in the society. The disparity between the high class and low-class population reveals that there is inequality in the income distribution of individuals.

"Indeed, in some of the early forecasts of car ownership, family income and population density were the only two variables taken into account" (Cullinance, 2003). There is inequality in the city, such that high-income individuals own cars. The low-class population does not have the opportunity to own a vehicle due to their low income.

According to Abrahamson (2004), "After several decades in which the middle class had grown substantially, especially in the most economically advanced nations, observers believed it might be receding and that the highest and lowest classes were expanding." The evidence illustrates the large gap between the high and low-class population. While the people in the middle class are moving towards high earnings, the low-class community retains their position, with an increase in numbers despite the advanced and growing economy.

According to Iyer, Macomber, and Arora (2011), "The lower level was the family's residential space while the upper 'mezzanine' level served either as the family's production unit or was rented out to another family as an additional source of income." The population in high class acquires a place to reside in the upper mezzanine due to their social status, while the low-class population has to retain their lower-level space. This illustrates that the high-class community is valued in the society, hence advantageous in the distribution of residential areas. Generally, the high cases f inequality in cities is due to the social status of individuals.

Global Influence and Local Control

Globalization has a substantial influence on societies. With the integration of technology in several economic activities, every city has an aspiration of growing to international standards. There are sustainable development strategies that have been implemented as a result of the influence of superpower countries, which have experienced economic growth. The interactions between different states have impacted the multi-disciplinary strategies that are essential for development. Generally, local cities are vulnerable to the impacts of globalization.

"For super-gentrifies, there has been an influence for a choice of residence as many people want to live where the can quickly and easily access the City, meet up, and socialize with their cohort in Barnsbury" (Butler and Lees, 2006). There is an influence on the population over their residential places. The impact extends to the city's development strategy, as more residential units will have to be developed near the town. Generally, the influence of the global city's development of residential units affects other local development strategies.

"Travel choices and vehicle choices behaviour could be influenced by a range of contemporary policies such as carbon reduction that could be achieved at a relatively low cost" (Banister, 2011). The development of transport systems in cities is influenced by the global strategies of sustaining the environment. For example, a municipality can select to use a train as public means of transport to reduce the emission of diesel and petrol from cars and busses across the streets.

According to Pisano and Adams (2009), "Location choices were influenced by both economic factors (cost of production and transportation) and trade quota/tariff considerations. Suppliers were then chosen according to their managerial as well as technical skills and expertise in specific garments." From this case, the location of industries was influenced by the choice of suppliers. Besides, the source of raw materials and labour changed the area of the garment industry to where they could obtain the source of skilled workers.

"San Francisco was an affiliate of the large city climate leadership group, an associate of major cities around the world that recognized that climate change required a global action but were not waiting for others to act" (Khoung and Gomez-Ibanez, 2010). The influence of leadership in cities climate group led San Francisco to implement strategies that were aimed at reducing the effects of climate change.

Vision

The trend of development has called for cities to define their sustainable development strategies, despite influence from the global standards. With the advancement of technology across the globe, every municipality has created its vision plan, which is aimed at translating the life of its population, besides the development of uniqueness around the world. However, capital for implementation is a great challenge for the cities. Moreover, the implementation plan for the visions is expected to take an extended period. Practices for environmental sustainability have affected the visions of cities, as much emphasis shifts towards sustainable climate across the globe.

"The EU vision is based on maintaining the equality of urban life, urban planning, and sustainable development, with mixed uses, high density, and good environmental conditions being central to improve the economic performance and vitality of the cities. Besides, visions and actions of cities should be based on a combination of economic, planning, and technological innovations working in a mutually supporting way" (Banister, 2011). This vision will enable cities to improve the standards of living for human beings through economic development. The implementation of technology will offer supportive ways of innovation and production of goods and services.

"The implementation of urban planning is significant for urban land use and is affected by the actions of both local governments and investors" (Wu, 2011). The city has a plan for utilizing their land by attracting investors to develop, which is a vision for the development of infrastructure.

According to Iyer, Macomber, and Arora (2011), "By proving their ability to make timely payments, they could then qualify for federal mortgage subsidy programs and purchase a deeded property." The provision of early payments will allow the population of the city to achieve its strategies of purchasing properties for the development of residential units.

"The requirement for charging ports at every parking lot is a plan that San Francisco has implemented, despite the long period that it will take. This is due to the new driving technology for electric cars being manufactured in the city" (Khoung and Gomez-Ibanez, 2010). The development of new electric cars has called for San Francisco to implement charging ports at car parks. This is a vision that is aimed at reducing air pollution from the use of petroleum products in vehicles.

References

Abrahamson, M. (2004). Global Cities. New York: Oxford University Press.

Banister, D. (2011). Cities, mobility, and climate change. Journal of Transport Geography, 19, 1538-1546.

Butler, T., & Lees, L. (2006). Super-gentrification in Barnsbury, London: Globalization and gentrifying global elites at the neighborhood level. Journal of Compilation, 467-487.

Cullinance, S. (2003). Hong Kong's car dependence: Lesson and prospects. Journal of Transport and Geography, 11, 25-35.

Iyer, L., Macomber, J., & Arora, N. (2011). Dharavi: Developing Asia's largest slum (A). Massachusetts: Havard Business School.

Khoung, Y., & Gomez-Ibanez, J. A. (2010). Electric vehicles in cities. Massachusetts: Havard College.

Pisano, G., & Adams, P. (2009). VF Brands: Global supply chain strategy. Havard: Havard Business School.

Sivam, A. (2003). Housing supply in Delhi. Elsevier Science, 20(2), 135-141.

Wu, J. (2011). Globalization and emergence office and commercial landscapes in Shanghai. Urban Geography, 32(4), 511-530.