Replication of Bargh et al.'s Experiment

Replication of Bargh ET AL.'S experiment by doyen ET al. to what extent was doyen ET als experiment 1 an exact replica of Bargh et al.'s experiment 2 and what similarities and differences were observed which might have brought about a difference in results.

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Bargh et als experiment 2 concluded that activating a trait such as being old is enough to bring about behavariol effects even in absence of awareness replication of Bargh et als experiment was motivated by three findings the first was that the finding though influential was only replicated twice so far with neither replication being exact this is seen in his experiment results. Authors were able to replicate results on walking speed but the replication like the original study is questionable on the basis of imprecise timing methods. The second was that in social cognition, the automatic occurrence of high level semantic priming outside consciousness is taken for granted. However there are conflict between this assumption and evidences collected from cognitive neuroscience. For example it has been said that two factors are required in order to produce large patterns of neural activation in higher association cortices that are important for the occurrence of semantic priming. Such patterns can be the signature of semantic processing of the prime and is related to conscious awareness. None of these factors were present in Bargh et al experiments thus the salience of a concept such as being old seems too weak to automatically prime a behavior that is indirectly associated with old age. Bargh et al and doyens experiments are similar in that they used the same hallway similar also in length for the experiment where participants were clearly asked to walk the length of the hall way to avoid wandering.30 scrambled sentences each including a word related to old age were used. There were many notable differences in the experiments which could have prompted a difference in results. first, infrared sensors were installed in the hall way paths in order to record time and speed of participants the use of infrared sensors for recording instead of stopwatches probably caused a difference in results as the infrared sensors are more accurate than the sensors. Another difference is that the infrared sensors for each participant were put on at the beginning of the tasks to the very end. Doyens experiment limited experimenter awareness so as to avoid unconscious influence of experimenters expectations to participants behavior. This is also another factor that could have contributed to difference in results since Bargh et al didn't put this factor into consideration.

Ben-Haims experiment.

Ben Haim experiment aimed at proving his hypothesis about how the host, environment or the sites on surface associated influenced bacterial communities .results from his experiment 1 show that bacteria on algae transplanted from palm beach to Sydney metro were different from those on individuals that were undisturbed on palm beach, on disturbed individuals returned to palm beach and on individual trans located from Cronulla. Differences were observed between trans located algae and undistributed algae however no differences were observed between trans located and disturbed treatment.in this first experiment, structure and composition of bacterial fingerprints are different among treatment but these are different according to place of origin. That is treatment versus place of interaction.in the second experiment bacteria on algae originally from Palm Beach were different across all treatments. Similar observations were made for bacteria algae originally from Cronulla. However pairwise comparisons could not tell where the differences occurred hence there was significant treatment versus place of interaction. Experiments found that microbial communities are vastly affected by local conditions as compared to the effect habitat they occurred in had on them.in experiment 1 algae moved from palm beach seemed to respond to habitat change rather than specific site though this pattern was not observed on individuals from Cronulla or those from either site in experiment 2 despite disturbance effects. Lack of consistent habitat effect implies that movement of algae to different place independent of habitat results in change in their bacterial communities. Our results imply that hosts need a core set of specific taxa or high variability of surface related microbial communities which in turn suggest that it is possible for hosts to get colonized by taxonomically distinct bacteria present in local pool a combination of both processes affect bacteria on the phyllospora holoboint.Bacterial communities vary across sites depending on present taxa.

Article on priming.

This study wanted to prove that the variable of subjective speed is related to object naming in a wide variety of situations and actions.

Participants: 44 university undergraduates who were supposed to rate the speed of each object depicted in pictures.

Procedure

Participants were tested separately in a dimly lit room in which they were shown one picture on a computer screen which they were supposed to judge the referents speed on a 1(slow) to 7(fast) scale. Responses were to be typed into the computer. Each participant was presented with a set of pictures randomly and in different order.

Results

An association was found between time required to name each picture as it was obtained from the U.S participants and those given by Israeli participants. The correlation was small but reliable.to increase the control for shared residual variance of the variables with speed ratings of speed were correlated with those of naming latency after partialing out rating of valence, threat. Valence was significantly related to naming latency which correlated with speed ratings. The association was however independent from the association of speed ratings since correlation of ratings and naming increased after partialling out valence speed. Consequently contribution of object speed to picture recognition remained reliable in a stepwise multiple regression that included all perceptual and semantic factors. The result of this study indeed show that the variable of subjective speed is related to object naming in a wide variety of situations and actions.

The study of priming and its effects on various situations is important in our day to day lives for instance an individuals attention to a response increases the frequency of that response even if response is undesired.

My experiment.

Method.

The stimuli used in this experiment was the illusion of power in a prison cell setting...forty men were asked to volunteer for the test for a significant pay at the end of proposed experiment.

Participants.

Forty men volunteered for this experiment. They were taken into a prison facility whereby 20 of them were made prison guards whereas the remaining 20 became the inmates. The choice was free and fair as they chose their role by picking out a paper from a bowl.

Procedure

The men chosen were taken to a prison facility where by it was explained to them that they were to remain in said facility for 3 months in which half of them would become inmates whereas the other half became the prison warden.it was made clear that if anyone of the participants didnt follow the laid out rules none of them would get paid so those who were to become inmates were to behave like inmates and the wardens were to do the same.surveilance cameras were installed all over the cells and cafeteria in order to watch their behavior as time moved on. Each one of them had the responsibility to ensure that the other followed the rules stipulated for his own sake.

Results

In the beginning each one played their role with no hesitation. Those who were guards even socialized with the inmates because according to them they were still friends and it was all a game and it would be over soon. Afterwards those who had become inmates began getting tired of taking orders from the guard whom they knew were no better than them but they couldnt out rightly rebel against them because that would mean that they wouldnt get paid, the guards on the other hand began to grow into their newly found power and they even began thinking of themselves as real wardens. Some even went as far as beating up the same inmates if they refused to do as they were asked.it was difficult for the inmates because they could not defend themselves in any way without loading their payment so they persevered.

Discussion.

What was observed in the set up was a kind of priming. The observations showed that the 20 men who had been turned into guards, though they knew the other 20 men who were inmates and had socialized with them enough to know them and realize they were all the same with an aim of earning some more money, once they put on the prison guard uniform even with the knowledge that they were not really guards in the real world they still treated the inmates with the same hatred and loathing real world prison guards treat their inmates. All this data and information was collected through the installed surveillance system built into the prison facility meant for the experiments.

Conclusion

The hypothesis I meant to prove is that priming is indeed possible through something that you have watched being done countless times. The forty men in the experiment had certain knowledge of what happens in a prison setting and also the general relationship between guards and inmates. Overtime it was clear that the guards had taken to their role and power in the same way real world prison guards do.

References

Bargh, J. A., Chen, M., & Burrows, L. (1996). Automaticity of social behavior: Direct effects of trait construct

And stereotype activation on action. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 230-244.

Ben-Haim, M. S., Chajut, E., Hassin, R. R., Algom, D. (2015). Speeded naming of naming speed? The

Automatic effect of object speed on performance. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 144(2),

Doyen, S., Klein, O., Pichon, C-L., & Cleeremans, A. (2012). Behavioral priming: Its all in the mind, but

Whose mind? PloS One, 7.