Paper Sample on 18th Century Worldwide Revolution: Technology, Economy, and Urban Planning

Introduction

In the 18th century, the world experienced a massive change in most of the sectors (Faludi, 2013). Many countries across the world had started adopting a technology system, and this had triggered to change in economic sectors. Due to economic changes, many industries were set that initiated the establishment of towns and cities (Bogataj & Bogataj, 2019). In most towns, houses and roads were constructed in a haphazard manner due to a lack of planning systems (Olesen, 2018). As a way of improving the structural system in towns, there was a need to establish a planning approach. Therefore, the establishment of planning theory was meant to assist countries in understanding numerous approaches they are supposed to take to promote the development of attractive cities (Faludi, 2013). In this case, planning theory relied on scientific concepts that demonstrate the skills and knowledge countries are supposed to possess when establishing a town (Bogataj & Bogataj, 2019). The theory highlight several procedural concepts such as radical, transformative increment, incremental, and much more that assist countries in improving the nature of towns.

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Article Summary

The article, “Teaching Planning Theory as Planner Roles in Urban Planning Education,” demonstrates students’ perception toward the planning system. In particular, the article reviews integral aspects that are included in urban planning (Olesen, 2018). As a way to improve students understanding of the theory, it is crucial to engage practice, which is a crucial pedagogical technique that assists in understanding the structure of towns. Understanding urban planning exposes students to knowledge skills, which improves their intellectual approach when dealing with the concept.

The article, “Planning Theory or Planning Theories? The Hydra Model and its Implications for Planning Education” illustrates that panning is a broad field with numerous standpoints that sustaining a competitive connection (Bogataj & Bogataj, 2019). As such, it is perceived as the best approach to enhance the lively connection between parties. However, the approach may influence a planner to adopt a single approach, which may hinder the structure appearance of a city.

The Structure of Planning Theory

In the 19th century, modern urban had taken place, and this was influenced by industrial development across the world (Faludi, 2013). The establishment of urban planning was meant to counter many problems that were experienced in cities and towns. In southern regions, there were a lot of issues that hinder the rate of city development (Faludi, 2013). Therefore, the establishment of planning theory was seen as a breakthrough toward the issues urban were experiencing (Bogataj & Bogataj, 2019). Additionally, the approach was perceived as a way to boost development, which is a major measure of economic growth (Faludi, 2013). Therefore, the application of planning theory would support countries to enhance sustainable development, which would promote renewable resources and energy sources, thus improving environmental states across cities. Structurally, planning theory occurs in the form of explanatory or normative (Bogataj & Bogataj, 2019). In explanatory planning theory, experts were given the opportunity to reflect numerous social issues, which assist in demonstrating the structure appearance of a town (Olesen, 2018). On the other hand, the normative planning theory was based on the status of society, and values were key aspects that impact the process.

Blueprint Planning

The rise of the industrial revolution triggered the need for the improvement of the building environment. As a way of maintaining the building environment, countries were required to focus on spatial factors such as exposure to direct sunlight, traffic, green region, and much more (Faludi, 2013). For countries to observe the design according to spatial aspects, there was a need for the establishment of rational planning (Bogataj & Bogataj, 2019). The establishment of rational planning was to rely on a small group of experts, especially from the field of architects, urban designers, and building engineers (Faludi, 2013). In collaboration with government officials, the experts were to conduct a quantitative assessment, which was to facilitate the model and design of the town (Olesen, 2018). Due to the technical system required in the establishment of rational planning, experts experienced challenging in developing the required format. As such, the world did not acquire enough knowledge and skills to support the success of blueprint planning.

Synoptic Planning

After the fall of blueprint planning in the late 1950s, the synoptic design system was established, and this appeared as a dominant force in the field of architecture (Faludi, 2013). As such, synoptic planning focused on the establishment of specific goals, which aimed at identifying and evaluating policies toward urban planning. As a way of improving the planning system, synoptic design engaged experts in the field, the government officials, and public participation (Faludi, 2013). However, the system experience challenge in controlling public interest. Some individuals engaged their interest in the system, and this devalued the significance of public participation (Bogataj & Bogataj, 2019). As such, the synoptic design was perceived as the background system that laid the foundation of the establishment of urban planning, and this marked the establishment of goals of a rational model of buildings.

Participatory Planning

This paradigm focuses on engaging the whole community in the strategic and management process in urban planning. As such, urban center was perceived as community development (Olesen, 2018). This was perceived as a major way of promoting community wishes, and the approach could be used to harmonize views among all participants and in controlling individual interest during the process (Faludi, 2013). Additionally, marginalized groups were given a chance to raise their views toward the establishment of urban planning.

IncrementalismAfter the success of participatory planning, a rational paradigm, incrementalism, was established. The paradigm was established by engaging numerous schools of thought that deal with planning. Lindblom incrementalism demonstrated planning as a ‘muddling through,’ and the system was supposed to be conducted in an incremental manner (Faludi, 2013). The approach allowed city management to select a system from a small number of policies, which have little consequences and are based on reality.

Mixed Scanning Model

In this system, Etzioni encouraged the application of tactical and strategic approaches in the planning system. In this model of planning, the environmental condition was a critical aspect that the system considers (Bogataj & Bogataj, 2019). In this case, the approach encouraged the application of strategies and tactics to handle issues affecting urban (Faludi, 2013). The key aim of the system was to improve public involvement, which focused on improving the condition of the area.

Transformation

By the 20th century, most parts across the world had received major transformation. People were attracted to the planning field as it was perceived as a transformative idealism. As such, transformative idealism was so concerned about changing life in urban regions (Olesen, 2018). Most of the urban regions were associated with environmental pollutions, which was triggered by massive industrial disposal (Faludi, 2013). Therefore, the transformation was perceived as a way of renovating cities, and hence, making them a better place for people to live in (Olesen, 2018). As a way of attaining urban transformation, governments were encouraged to focus on planning systems and practices, which were perceived as crucial approaches in eliminating the challenges cities were experiencing (Bogataj & Bogataj, 2019). In this case, the application of urban planning was perceived as a way of embracing social changes (Faludi, 2013). Due to the complexity in some regions, the planning process was meant to entangle and change people's perceptions regarding the future state of towns (Bogataj & Bogataj, 2019). Therefore, making plans become an active approach to social mobilization (Olesen, 2018). Through the approach, governments developed new techniques for understanding situations. Strategic development, for example, conceptions, had taken new tactics that were meant to shape the future of towns across the world.

Currently, more people are pushing for the establishment of a democratic planning system that encourages the public to participate in decision making. A way of promoting democracy, most countries engage community organizers and social workers in the planning system (Faludi, 2013). In collaboration with developers, most countries have managed to establish cities that are founded on firm ground for future development. As such, the establishment of planning theory was meant to bring different parties in the development of future targets toward locality (Faludi, 2013). In this case, strategic discourses of numerous ideas were established, and this formed the base for generating a new planning system that maintained the value and position of the community (Olesen, 2018). Therefore, planning theory was meant to create a capacity for collaborative action, which would improve the state of towns.

Additionally, the establishment of the theory was meant to ensure developers and planners focus on ensuring cities observe legal and regulatory order to enhance the socio-spatial and resources inhabiting (Bogataj & Bogataj, 2019). As such, developers were required to follow political dimensions when establishing a particular plan. In this case, politics may be perceived as an approach of settling a problem to a community (Faludi, 2013). Therefore, engaging in politics on community welfare was one of the key roles of the planning theory. Additionally, planning was perceived as an extension of politics, which was meant to secure settlements, especially on the long term development of a particular group (Olesen, 2018). Normally, the physical and political process of settlement and settling were highly linked as they were meant to fix issues by making decisions to a certain spatial and social order (Faludi, 2013). Normally, the conceptual approach of ‘unsettle, ‘unsettlement,’ as well as ‘unsettling’ were perceived as the regressive approach that countries were using to enhance urban planning. Through the approach, it was easier for countries to promote equity, justice, as well as ecological sustainability.

The Debate on Planning Theory

Navigating Issues

The establishment of planning was meant to assist leaders in navigating issues affecting cities (Bogataj & Bogataj, 2019). The approach would help in organizing structures, thus improving the appearance and structure of towns (Bogataj & Bogataj, 2019). Additionally, the approach helped in maintaining the values and conditions of cities, thus boosting social and economic development (Bogataj & Bogataj, 2019). Planners were required to use the knowledge of the theory to develop structures that could meet people's needs.

Historical Perception

Despite its contribution to the establishment of towns, there were numerous arguments developed to counter its application. Historically, there is no specific date that illustrates the origin of the planning theory (Bogataj & Bogataj, 2019). The development of modern city structure was associated with numerous separate movements such as the garden city, the city beautiful, and much more (Olesen, 2018). During the establishment of these movements, the developers did not recognize themselves as planners, and th...