Paper Example on Security Studies and International Relations

Xi Jinping Doctrine: China's International Relations

Zhang, F., 2019. The Xi Jinping Doctrine of China's International Relations. Asia Policy, 26(3), pp.7-23.

Feng Zhang captures the point about how China thinks about the issues of international relations, especially on the doctrine of Xi Jinping. Besides, the author weighs in the impacts on China by engaging in the Xi Jinping international order. b) According to Feng Zhang, the issue with the Xi Jinping doctrine is how China will handle the international order by considering various aspects such as the global community, Chinese national rejuvenation, as well as the country's contribution. C) The main thesis and purpose of the article is to address the impacts and implications of the Xi Jinping Doctrine, especially on how it affects China on the issues of the global community, national rejuvenation, as well as China's contribution. Zhang addresses the issue of the Jinping doctrine by using a recent study done by RAND, which analyzes how analysts from the Western countries dissect to China's international order. Besides, Zhang uses the works of local researchers in China to determine the challenges of China to the already existing order. In addition, Zheng borrows information from Shipping Tang, especially on parts of the Xi Jinping doctrine that is considered to be unjust. Moreover, Zheng uses the works and insights of Richard Lebow to explain the frames used as a reference in Xi Jinping doctrine such as China's national rejuvenation, Chinese contribution to the doctrine as well as the global community. e) Zhang's article is expansive, and I like it because it provides a descriptive and analytical view of what Xi Jinping's doctrine is all about, as well as its implications for China. The article does not provide the thoughts of Xi as a person but rather what he meant through his writings and remarks as they were outlined by the Chinese state. f)

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The Xi Jinping doctrine provides a description of international relations between China and other countries. P.9. The Xi Jinping doctrine if framed on the basis of well-established principles and beliefs. P. 11. Foreign policies, as well as politics in China, are usually based on the China Communist Party (CCP). P. 14 The frame on national rejuvenation is formed on the basis of the quest for power that is humiliation-based. p15. The global community is one of the essential issues in the Xi theory of foreign policies. P. 22. The objective of the Chinese community party helps in exploring a superficial cognitive frame such as China's contribution, as well as a global community and national rejuvenation.

The Century of Humiliation

Kaufman, A.A., 2010. The "century of humiliation," then and now: Chinese perceptions of the international order. Pacific Focus, 25(1), pp.1-33.

Alison Kaufman contends that the period of the century of Humiliation that occurred between 1839 to 1949 formed the basis of international relations for China and other countries. Besides, Kaufman provides an analysis of reasons why countries fail or succeed in international relation. b) Kaufman describes that the main puzzle is the fact that the international system revolves around the western countries and their interests while at the same time humiliate weak nations. Besides, the author describes how the century of Humiliation should be used to caution against humiliating international policies. c) The article aims at analyzing what the international system is all about, as well as the implications of the century of Humiliation. In addition, the paper seeks to address the learning countries should learn from the lessons of the century of Humiliation. d) China should be concerned with ensuring that there should be the stability of the international system since the century of Humiliation has come to an end. The century of Humiliation provides a narrative of both redemption and loss, which helps to legitimize the international system as well as the political system. Other components include how China should relate with the rest of the world as well as how China can work within its current foreign system. e) The article is convincing since it provides an overview and an insight on the past of China matters international relations as well as where the country is headed. Moreover, the article provides an insight into how China should engage with the rest of the world by using the lessons learned from the century of Humiliation. The article provides some of the five basic principles of peaceful co-existence and therefore I find it convincing. However, the Chinese elites have questioned the promises after the century of Humiliation that drove the country to reluctance despite its huge prominence on global economics. f) Kaufman central argument

P. 2. The rise of China seems to be a paradox and is greatly associated with the lessons learned from the century of Humiliation. p.4. The prevalence of the century of Humiliation is responsible for the shaping of nationalism in China. p.10. The Chinese elites played a crucial role, especially when Japan and other Western countries allied against China. P.14. The United States is the current leader in international relations, and therefore it should bear the brunt of the criticism.

Security Studies

Williams, P.D., 2012. Security studies: an introduction. In Security Studies (pp. 23-34). Routledge.

Paul William contends that security is a serious issue, and it determines politics and who becomes a leader all over the world. William notes that security is a broad term with many meanings. b) William provides an explanation of what security and security studies entail as well as how it can be achieved. c) The author focuses on explaining what security entails, as well as what counts to a security issue. In addition, the author provides an analysis of how security has developed, as well as how security can be improved. d) The major part of the author's work highlights and provides an overview of what security studies entail. In addition, the author describes the history of security and what it will look like in the future. According to William, security used to enjoy a golden age, especially during the years the 1950s and 1960s. Security is classified into various categories, such as military, environmental, societal, political, as well as economic security. The major way in which security is defined is the alleviation of threats to promote peaceful co-existence among people. William suggests various measures on how security can be achieved, such as through the use of the security forces as well as international relations. e) The article is convincing to the readers since it describes what security is, how it has evolved, and its future, as well as providing a description of who is involved in security and how it can be achieved. f) p.1 it is not possible to make sense of the politics in the world without making reference to security. p. 1. it is not possible to define security without considering political aspects since it determines who gets what. p.2 Security is used as a political tool to advance the intentions and aspirations of certain people. P. 3. Security has been fought over and studied for many years as long as there has been the presence of human societies. P.4.Military security involves interplay between armed forces as well as the military capabilities of a particular state. P.9. the academic field of security studies is animated with arguments of what a security matter is all about.

Redefining Security

Ullman, R.H., 1983. Redefining security. International Security, 8(1), pp.129-153.

Richard Ullman contends that the Cold War helped America to redefine their security. Besides, since the era of the cold war, politicians have found it easy to form a consensus on foreign policy challenges as well as military consensus. b) The puzzle that the article aims to answer is what security is. According to Ullman, national security is not only defined in military terms since it provides a false image of a situation. c) The article describes how dangerous it is to define national security on the basis of military terms since it is deceiving. The paper focuses on describing how it is dangerous to define security only on the basis of the military. d) The major parts of the article describe that the false image created out of defining security in military terms is misleading, thus making it dangerous for states. For instance, it makes a state only concentrate on military threats, thus ignoring more serious threats that are not military-related. The author also incorporates aspects such as what sacrifice should a country sacrifice for the sake of the country. The article also provides a redefinition of threats as well as providing a solution to how they should be handled. e) The article is convincing to the readers since it provides a description and analysis of what security entails and the reasons why countries should not only focus on military aspects but also other aspects in the economy. The cold war was instrumental in shaping and redefining security for the U.S. Security involves other aspects such as preparing for a catastrophe and indirect threats like being prepared for conflicts due to resources and territories. f) Main arguments by Ullman p. 2. The cold war was instrumental in redefining and shaping what security entailed in the United States. p.3 what should countries and states sacrifice in order to have security in all aspects and not only from a military perspective? p.6 Security should be recognized as a consequence and not only defining it as a goal. There is a huge indirect impact on national security from aspects that are non-military. P.19. When the security of a nation increases, the vulnerability of its citizens decreases.