Paper Example on Object-Oriented Paradigm

Introduction

In object-Oriented Paradigm the focus is on real life objects while doing a program of any solution. By laying focus on real life objects it means that over solutions revolve around different objects representing respective objects in the real life situations (Morgado, 2016)

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Significance of Object-Oriented Program

Object oriented programs are maintainable. An object-Oriented Paradigm method makes codes more maintainable than other methods. An identification of the source of errors gets easier because objects become self-contained. The doctrine of proper design methods contributes to the maintainability of the system.

These programs are as well re-usable. Since objects have both the data as well as the functions that act on such data, objects are presumably self-contained "boxes", an aspect that makes them easy to reuse the codes in new systems (Softwaresystemtechnik, 2016).

Besides, object-oriented applications are more Scalable than the structured programming roots. As the interfaces of the object provide a roadmap for the re-usability of the object, they also provide all the information needed to replace the objects without affecting the others. It makes it easy to make a replacement of the old and inefficient codes with algorithms that are faster (Walkenbach, 2013).

Current Research

Current in object-oriented programs provide comprehensive surveys of developments at the foremost edge of concurrent object-oriented program development. The studies document progress of this concept from general description to specific concepts-in programming language designs, systems, semantic tools, applications and architectures. The studies present written information at a tutorial level that is accessible to a large audience, including programmers, technical managers and researchers.

The problem of system designs for concurrent programming is becoming an increasingly critical area of computer science research with a related increase in object-based programming's popularity . Since parallelism is a natural outcome of the objects' use, the development of a system for concurrent object-oriented program provides crucial software support for new generation of all the concurrent computers.

Application of Object-Oriented Program Paradigm

The object oriented paradigms shift the focus from codes to data. It becomes based on modeling the objects in the real world. The general style of OOP is viewing software systems as collections of interacting entities named "objects" defined by an identity, a behaviour described by methods, and a state described by member variables, that can become invoked (Softwaresystemtechnik, 2016). The OBJECT is the basic unit of abstraction, and it encapsulates both the behavior (in the form of diverse methods, which are simply procedures) and the state information (in the form of a value of instance variable). Every object oriented programming language is fairly similar to an imperative language.

Usefulness

An example of a complex object is a car because of its many attributes. One does not need to understand all of the intermal mechanics of a car such as the engine type, how gas runs the car, or where the gas comes from for him to know the manner in which to interact with it. The behaviour of the car gets simplified through object-oriented logic: just putting the key in the ignition makes the car turn on and drives off. The attributes responsible for the motion of the car-all of the parts, the engineering and the electronics-form a "package" that one does not need to break down to understand the working.

Apply this concept to software building, and they allow developers to break down a large, intricate project into a compartmentalized object, programs it to have behaviours and attributes, and then essentially setting them aside and focusing on programming such objects interact-higher levels of thinking that make writing codes more efficient and less linear. Todays, high-level languages such as Ruby and Python are perfect exemplifications of Object Oriented programs. The mere fact that they can become streamlined gets aligns to the logic of Object Oriented Programming.

Control Structures

Control structures are blocks of programming that analyse variables and choose the direction in which to take based on particular parameters. The concept flow control entails the direction which the program takes (the way the program control normally flows.

Significance

Control structures are ways of data regulation. Control structures are increasingly important nowadays because they:

• Are becoming useful in the writing of codes that give flexibility to all programmers.
• Are becoming useful in the manipulation of PostgreSQL data using logic in specifying the process taken when users are trying to modify or change data.
• Give powers to the programmers because the programmers can specify the moment a situation takes place, the function ought to do a specific action.

Research

The control structures of a programming language and the development are becoming subjects of examination in current research. Languages studied span from assembly and machine languages to problem-oriented and procedure languages. However, the emphasis is on the particular control structures themselves, regardless of whether they are in proposed or current languages. Both implicit universal interpretation regulations for every programming language and discuss explicit control operations (Softwaresystemtechnik, 2016). Most control structures advanced through specialization from small sets of primitive progressive control operations. There is examination of Specific mechanisms and control structures examined including activities, conditionals, broadcast control, constraint expressions, critical sections, coroutines, distributive operators, expressions, dynamic instruction modification, generators, implicit sequencing, implicit coroutines, iterative control, interleaved execution, indivisibility, the go to, multipass algorithms, macros, multiple sequential control, mutual subroutines, mutual exclusion, nonbusy waiting, open subroutines, nondeterministic control, parallel assignments, procedures, parallel processing, pseudo-parallel control, relative continuity, recursion, reentrant code, semaphores, shared procedures, sequential controls, simultaneous assignments, subroutines, statements, synchronization, back tracking, syntax macros and time sharing.

Application

Control structures are useful in games: C++ has an overriding characteristic towards the complexities of every 3D game while optimizing resource management as well as facilitating multiplayer through networking. With an extremely fast language, it allows procedural programming with CPU intensive functions while providing increased control over the hardware, because it is widely useful in the development of the gaming engines. For example, Doom 3 which is a science fiction game is an example of a game known for using C++ well.

Control structures are also useful in applications based on Graphic User Interface (GUI). Most highly used applications, like Image Ready, Illustrator, Adobe Premier and Photoshop used C++ as the scripting language

Control structures are as well useful in Web Browsers. With the coming of specialized languages like Java and PHP, the adoption of C++ is becoming limited for websites scripting as well as web applications scripting. However, where reliability and speed and reliability are necessary, C++ is still the preference. For example, a part of the back-end code for Google is in C++, and the rendering engines of some open source projects, like email client called Mozilla Thunderbird and web browser called Mozilla Firefox, use this programming language.

The concept of control structures is an important element in Graphics and Advance Computations. C++ is one of the languages that provide the base for building any application that require real-time physical simulation, mobile sensor applications and high-performance processing of images (Softwaresystemtechnik, 2016). Maya 3D application, useful in the integrated 3D modeling, animation and visual effects are some of the applications coded in C++.

Finally, database Software is another outcome of the concept of control structures. C++ and C are important in MySQL scripting, one of the popular database applications. The application forms the foundation of a variety of database-related enterprises, such as You Tube, Yahoo, Google and Wikipedia.

Pointers

Significance

Pointers are not peculiar to C++ and C but are practically useful in every programming language. It's just that selected languages are more explicit than others in as far as one is referring to their usage. There are several reasons that make pointers necessary including:

• Avoidance of expensive copying of existing objects.
• Referral of the exact same objects from many pieces of codes.
• Distinguishing between two variables that refer to the exact similar thing vs two variables with identical values but are stored in distinct, separate memory locations and are therefore distinct.

Usefulness

Pointers are good for many data structures, dynamic memory location, and efficient handling the large amounts of data. In the absence of pointers, one has to allocate all the programs data worldwide or in a function or the equivalent, and one has no recourse if the quantity of data grows beyond what is acceptable. Every modern computer language has pointers in one form or another.

In any language that use a pointer, there are certain kinds of references qualifying to be pointers, and other sorts that do not qualify, hence there is no other notational difference. Lisp cons cell makes a pair of pointers, though a fixnum does not make a pointer altogether. In Java for example, the variables used for the place of a class qualifies for a pointer, yet an int does not qualify. The language syntax does not make that reflection.

Application

3D movies are a result applications that used C and C++ to code them. Such applications should be very fast and efficient, since they handle huge amounts of data and perform multiple computations in a second. The more efficient these applications are, the less time taken by the animators and artists to generate the movie shots, hence, the higher amount of money the saved by the business.

Pointers are also useful in embedded Systems. The alarm clocks that wake people up is a product of in programming in C. Microwaves too qualify for embedded systems and certainly are as a result of programming in C.

Research

The contributions of research lie in all the above areas. Current research does not make an attempt of explaining what a pointers is or exactly how a pointer works-either directly or metaphorically. Rather, the studies carried out cover orthogonal issues: the need for learners to realize that manipulation of pointers can either be safe, unsafe or dangerous. They do this by defining reasonably simple yet language-specific finite-state machines and by the classification of its transitions into other categories (Softwaresystemtechnik, 2016). Instrumentation techniques used to give learners feedback on errors during their programming becomes based on checked pointers. However, it incorporates some new twists to adjust to those techniques to the model. The method for logging any pointer error at first appears rather straightforward-but it raises a few technical and non-technical interesting issues, in the study that current research about pointers present. Such research advices learners on things to watch-out for which also should help other students wishing to develop similar infrastructure in other institutions as well as for any other programming language.

Abstract Class

Abstract class is a term referring to a special class in Java, which cannot become instantiated hence making them direct...