History and Development of the Juvenile Justice System Annotated Bibliography

Research question: What are some of things that highlight the historical development of the juvenile justice system?

Caldwell, R.G. (1961)."The Juvenile Court: Its Development and Some Major Problems." Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology, and Police Science 51:493-511.

The author of this book has been able to carry out in-depth research regarding the history and development of the juvenile justice system; he states that the juvenile justice system began a thousand years ago. This was during the Code of Hammurabi which was imminent in over 400 years ago (2270 B.C.). The system was put in place as a way of punishing all the children that seemed to disobey their parents and also the sons who were in the front line to curse their fathers. In that case, they had to be punished so that they could remain on the right track and grow as upright individuals in the society. The author also adds that the system was under the Roman Civil Law and Canon Law and that was the reason why it was quickly implemented.

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This article is relevant to the topic at hand as it provides all the dates that were connected to the history and development of the juvenile justice system. It highlights all the reasons as to why the system was established and also laws that were used in making sure that all its tenets were legal and applicable when looked from all perspectives. In that case, it is different from the other sources because it avails the main parties in the establishment of the system.

Mennel, R. M. (1973). Thorns & Thistles. Hanover, NH: University Press of New England.

This author majored on the origin of the American Juvenile Justice to provide an example of the history of the system. He states that the juvenile system was established apart from the ordinary court's system over a hundred years ago. This was put in place out of the English law that was supposed to deal with all the children who went against the law during the 18th century. During the 18th century, it stated that almost all the children were treated as adults and that was the reason why the juvenile system had to be established to push them. Most of the youth offenders were treated like adults, and in that case, most of the judges supported the development of the system.

This article is perfect for the topic at hand as it provides all the details regarding the reasons why there was a need to come up with a juvenile justice system. It supports the fact that many children and youth deviated away from the standard societal systems and had to be punished. In that case, it is different from other sources because it concentrates on American Juvenile Justice. It is also different because it supported the dates when the delinquent acts were identified.

Krisberg, B. (2005). Unlocking Juvenile Corrections: Evaluating the Massachusetts Department of Youth Services. San Francisco: National Council on Crime and Delinquency.

This article is based on issues that had to do with the legal doctrines that were put in place to guide all the youths and the people who seemed to take part in illegal activities while still young. It states that the historical development of the juvenile justice system was based on the doctrine of "parens patriae." This doctrine was put in place to support the fact that the youth were taking part in deviated moves and therefore there was a need for them to be supervised and also controlled. The main aim was to instill some form of discipline in them.

This article is relevant to this topic as it brings out the fact that all the youths were supposed to be supervised by using the juvenile justice system. It avails all the information regarding the way the society was designed and modes of punishment that were available for the youth. In that case, it is different from the other sources as it brings in a new idea of "parens patriae" doctrine. Also, it seconds the fact that all the youths should be controlled at all times.

Faust, F. L & Brantingham, P. J. (1979). ""Parens Patriae: From Chancery to the Juvenile Court," in Juvenile Justice Philosophy: Readings, Cases and Comments, 2d ed.,

This article is on the fact that the juvenile justice system began in the 19th century after it was realized that a large number of children were taking part in illegal acts. It states that the juvenile justice system began out of the "Chile Saving" Movement that was established to make sure that all those who had deviated from the normal societal activities were controlled. The houses of refuge failed to control the youth, and therefore there was a need to come up with the child-saving movement that all the permission to identify crimes committed by the children and to deter them ones and for all.

This article has got some relevance to the topic because it states the body that led to the development of the juvenile justice system. The article also supports the fact that the 19th century was the pivotal time when the acts of delinquency were on the rise and needed to be controlled. Therefore, the article is different from the rest as it is revolving around the "child-saving" movement. Also, it is also making sure that the dates are well documented.

Ferdinand, T. N. (1989). "Juvenile Delinquency or Juvenile Justice: Which Came First?" Criminology. 27:79-106.

This article touches on the issues that were related to the first juvenile court. It states that the 19th century had many juvenile systems being established. This was done to reform the way children were handled after they had taken part in a crime. The system was therefore made to be under the jurisdiction of the "parens patriae" doctrine. The article also states that the judge in the juvenile system was supposed to act as a father figure by controlling the behaviors of the children and taking them back to the society as upright people.

This article supports the topic at hand in that it avails all the tents of the first juvenile court and also states all things that led to its establishment. The article also specifies the primary purpose of the system having in mind that many people were not aware of how it was going to work. This article is different from the rest as it states the roles of the judges in the court juvenile justice system and also touches on a few court proceedings that had some relations to the juvenile justice system in general.

Sickmund, M & Snyder, N. (2006). Juvenile Offenders and Victims: 1997 Update on Violence, Washington, DC: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

Sickmund & Snyder (2006), state some of the purposes of all the clauses that were connected to the juvenile courts. They state that in the year 1925, there was a motion that was passed in parliament to make sure that the clauses in the juvenile courts dealt with the welfare of the children exclusively. It also states that the parental custody was not supposed to be applicable once one had been taken to the juvenile centers. Also, there was also the establishment of the Legislative Guide for Drafting Family and Juvenile Court Acts to guide in applying the clauses.

This article is supporting the topic by availing all that was connected to the laws of the juvenile courts. It also supports the fact that several states came together to make decisions on the future of the youths. In that case, it is different from the other sources as it is revolving around the acts and laws of the juvenile system. Also, it categorizes the years when all the laws were put in place for the development of the system