Exploring Social Bonding, Interest & Collegiate Substance Abuse: Annotated Bibliography

Cashwell, C. S., & Giordano, A. L. (2014). "Exploring the Relationship Between Social Interest, Social Bonding, and Collegiate Substance Abuse". Retrieved from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/0cd2/07bd1d21964a305a5a4db7d6962c7ef2020c.pdf

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The journal article was written by Craig S. Cashwell and Amanda L. Giordano in 2014. The objective of the study was to explore the relationship between social bonding and interest and dangerous drinking and use of bhang among college students. The study participants were college students from major public universities preferably from two departments; midsized. These colleges are located on the southeastern side of the United States. The students were full-time learners in the age bracket of 18 and 25. Students involved in the study were 300. The method used in the research was a survey packet. Each of the participating students was given a survey packet which only took 20 minutes to answer. In 17 undergraduate lecture rooms, 366 survey packets were distributed to the students, with only 300 students as potential participants. The average years was 21.5 of the study participants, in which 79.3% were women. On a race basis, 55.33% of the participants were Caucasians, 3.33% Asians, 32.34% were African Americans, 3.33% as Latino, and 0.33% were Native Americans. The unclassified part of participants were 5.34%. Seniors participants were the majority with 55%, juniors followed at 27.33%, sophomores were 11.33% and 6.33% as freshmen. Other classifications were athletes, Christians, and those that lived outside the campus. The SSSI had statements to be marked as true or false in regards to social interest. The instrument has two subscales which show an amount of concern for others. Social bonding scores were collected using questionnaires. The questionnaire had 5 subscales that measured four components of social bonding. The responses to be provided were strongly agree or disagree. AUDIT (Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test) had questions which seek to know the amount and tendency of alcohol intake along with implications that come along with taking alcohol. Finally, Marijuana Use Index was included to test the number of drug use. The results were then gathered in accordance with the category of the aspect under test. They were analyzed and the conclusion reached that social bonding and social interest of the students are closely related to their hazardous drinking habits as well as the use of marijuana. Particularly, changes in social bonding and social interest differed with changes in marijuana use and alcohol drinking.

Durkin, K. F., Wolfe, T. W., & Clark, G. (1999). "Social bond theory and binge drinking among college students: a multivariate analysis". Retrieved from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/008d/6344051f9b7d14f4b6c0e59758ef25a45e42.pdf

This journal article was written by Keith F. Durkin, Timothy W. Wolfe and Gregory Clark in the year 1999. The study was intended to examine the influence of social bond fluctuations based on students' binge drinking. Some of the questions included in the questionnaires were meant to measure the student's relationship with their parents. Students were supposed to give a response to prompts like; my parents want to help me when I have a problem, my parents and I talk about future plans, can I share my thoughts and my feelings with my parents? To determine students' respect for authority, they were asked to agree or disagree with questions like; I have a lot of respect for local police, I have a lot of respect for college's public safety officers. Finally, their conventional beliefs were tested with a statement that; to get ahead you have to do some things which are not right. The authors conducted a study on college students from Liberal Arts College. The number of participating students was 247, both male and females in the ratio of 47.4%:52.6%, all under the age of 21. 85% of participants were whites. The method used for research was a questionnaire. Questionnaires were given out in the last two weeks of the semester. The cover page of the questionnaire stated that the participation was voluntary and that the expenses of the study were not covered by school administration and had nothing to do with law enforcement agencies. The questionnaires contained questions to determine the social bond variations in alliance to drinking patterns. The students were supposed to agree or disagree strongly. After the study, the author got results indicated that the belief element of the social bond was the best predictor of binge drinking behaviors. The belief and authority's respect aspects were co-related to binge drinking. This means that students have low or no respect for authority and that they tend to be binge drinkers than others. The results are related to other revealed traits that college students who are binge drinkers are rebellious and unruly. The other part of the relationship between heavy drinking and class performances, the results were negative. This indicates that heavy drinking had no association with the student's performance. There was also a negative relationship between heavy drinking and religious commitment. Students who have a strong attachment with their parents were found to be binge drinkers. A conclusion was then reached that binge drinking had very little to do with student's social bonding aspects.

Riley, K. M. (2012). "Binge drinking and drug use among college students: a test of Hirschi's social control theory". Retrieved from https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=7700&context=etd_theses

This journal article was written by Katelyn M. Riley in 2012. The study was to determine whether social bonds which are belief, involvement, commitment and attachment influence heavy drinking and use of other drug substances amongst college students. The research involved college students from a local university in California within the Northern Bay area. The students were randomly selected from every 50th class; about 20 classes were selected. The participants were from the following disciplines; History, English, Child and Adolescent Development, Sociology and Justice Studies. The sample was 194 students but one was excluded in the study, making them 193 in total. The method of data collection was through a questionnaire. The questionnaire was attached with a conformity document which informed the student that the practice was voluntary, anonymous and that they were free no not participate. The study used CP/SPPS to examine hypothesis from multiple dependent and independent variables. A number of regression analysis was done to determine the relationship between various variables. Dependent variables were binge drinking and drug use while independent variables were involvement, attachment, belief and commitment. For dependent variables, the questions were framed to have answers like never or a specific number of time. For independent variables, the questions varied with the type of variable for example for involvement a student was to answer yes or no then provide the number of times and percentage. After the data analysis, the findings were then arrived at. One of the findings is that students with a strong attachment to their parents are likely to become binge drinker although it was varied in accordance with factors like age, gender and race. The second finding is that students who have close relationships with their lecturers and school are less drinkers with the same factors in consideration. Students attached to their peers are fewer drinkers than those that are not attached. Committed students to conventional lines rarely drink heavily. Students with high levels of campus involvement are less likely to drink heavily. Students who accept a normal campus system have few chances of drinking. Students who are attached to their parents, school and teachers and their peers are not likely to use other drug substances. Those committed to conventional lines, involved in campus, accept normal school system have low chances of getting involved with drugs than those that are not. The conclusion reached by the author is that students who respect police are less likely to drink or use drugs than those that do not respect them. This study proved contradiction to Hirschi's control theory that students who do not respect their peer's opinions become binge drinkers.

Sun, I. Y., & Longazel, J. G. (2008). "College students' alcohol-related problems: A test of competing theories". Journal of criminal justice, 36, 3-9. Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/2502497/College_students_alcohol-related_problems_A_test_of_competing_theories

Journal article by Ivan Y. Sun and Jamie G. Longazel was written in 2008. The study was aimed at examining heavy drinking, drunk-driving and other related drunk behaviors in relation to social bonds, self-control and daily routine activities. The participant of the study were students from 10 public universities in Mid-Atlantic. The students were 558 undergraduates from these colleges. All these participating students admitted to being drinkers. 41% of the students were males while 595 were females in the number of 229 and 329 respectively. Among the students, 86.6% were whites with the rest; 13.4% from other races. These students were picked from criminal justice, political science and sociology classes. Their percentages matched that of their campuses whereby 84% of the students are female and 84.4 being white. The age ranged from 18 and 26 years although 72% of the sample students were below 21 years. Three methods were used, namely; data collection and samples, independent and dependent variables. In the data collection method, students were asked to answer a 52 questions questionnaire. The authors made sure that the students completed the questionnaires before leaving the classes. A disclaimer was issued which informed the students that their participation was voluntary and the study had nothing to do with school administration or law governing agencies. On dependent variable methods, it was based on drunk-driving, binge drinking and other drinking habits. The questionnaires contained various ticking options depending on the drinking and behaviors of the students. Independent variables were classified into four categories that are social bonds, self-control, demographic characteristics and daily activities. The responses to the given questions were somewhat agree, strongly agree, somewhat disagree and strongly disagree. The analysis of the two categories of aspects was done to find out the accurate results. The results then indicated that the probability of drinker who have low self-control was high in indulging in criminal activities. The second finding revealed that social bonding activities like involvement and commitment influenced conformity and socialization. Lastly, routine activities arguments provided that bad environment could lead to deviance and rebelliousness. In conclusion, the four categories of predictor variables have a strong relationship with heavy drinking, drunk-driving and other drunk related behaviors.