Essay on Protein: Essential for Cell Development, Membrane Formation & More

Protein is a crucial component in the formation of cell development and the cell membrane. Evidently, all the antibodies are bound to have a resembling structure and function. On the other hand, the enzymes are structurally varied but have the same catalytic function in the end. The protein membranes are mainly located at the membrane. The membrane proteins are mainly both structurally and functionally diverse in their operations. In both chemistry and biology, each biological membrane has equal and same primary phospholipid bilayer structure, which allows the membrane to execute its distinctive activities (Gramse, 2019). Nevertheless, the complements of the said proteins are bound to vary depending on the type of cells and the location of the subcellular in the body. Some of the membrane proteins are believed to be found on the membrane surface, while others are perceived to be buried on both the membrane and the domains of the membrane. The core function of the membrane protein can only be predicted by the utilization of the homology with another perfectly matched protein.

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Two major categories; the intrinsic and the extrinsic membrane proteins mainly characterize the membrane proteins. Most membrane proteins are bound to possess biomembrane in the cells. The integral membrane proteins are referred to as the intrinsic proteins, which have more than one segment embedded centrally in the phospholipid bilayer (Xu, 2019). The integral proteins are bound to contain the residues of the hydrophobic side chains, which are said to interact with the fatty acyl groups of the membrane phospholipids, which hold the proteins to the membrane. Most of the phospholipid bilayer membrane has hundreds of residues long, which stretch to the aqueous medium found on both sides of the bilayer. In most cases, all the transmembrane proteins, the membrane-spanning, are bound to be in the alpha helices or the multiple beta-strands.

Additionally, the integral membranes are normally anchored to the membrane leaflets on the fatty acids; these proteins are attached to the fatty acids, which are mainly embedded in the membrane proteins. However, the polypeptide chain is denied access to the phospholipid layer. The extrinsic proteins, on the other hand, do not mutually interact with the hydrophobic layer of the phospholipid bilayer. However, they are believed to be usually bound to the membrane, which interacts indirectly with the integral membrane, but directly with the lipid polar head groups (Neal, Jaeger, Duttke, Benner, Glass, Ideker & Hampton, 2018). The peripheral proteins or membrane, on the other hand, are bound to localize into the cytosolic face of the plasma membrane; these plasma membranes are bound to play key roles in signal transduction. The integral membranes which contain the alpha-helical membrane are also believed to be embedded in the membrane by the core element of the hydrophobic interactions; this is drawn by the fact that most of the integral proteins are believed to contain multiple transmembranes of the alpha-helical components.

References

Gramse, G., Schonhals, A., & Kienberger, F. (2019). Nanoscale dipole dynamics of protein membranes studied by broadband dielectric microscopy. Nanoscale, 11(10), 4303-4309.

Neal, S., Jaeger, P. A., Duttke, S. H., Benner, C., Glass, C. K., Ideker, T., & Hampton, R. Y. (2018). The Dfm1 derlin is required for ERAD retrotranslocation of integral membrane proteins. Molecular cell, 69(2), 306-320.

Xu, R., Greening, D. W., Chen, M., Rai, A., Ji, H., Takahashi, N., & Simpson, R. J. (2019). Surfaceome of exosomes secreted from the colorectal cancer cell line SW480: Peripheral and integral membrane proteins analyzed by proteolysis and TX114. Proteomics, 19(8), 1700453.