Essay Example on Jane's 2nd Admisn: Psychotic Episodes & Depression

Introduction

Jane was referred to Williamsburg Mental Health Center by her coercion. It was her second admission, as she was admitted to another medical facility a year prior for suicidal ideation and major depression. Her current admission is a possible symptom of depressions and regular experience of psychotic episodes. Jane is a 32-year-old white female, has 14 years of formal education, and has an associate degree. Currently, Jane is employed as an administrative assistant for the dean of the business school at a local community college. Jane’s parents divorced when she was around 6 years old, and she has a history of a relationship filled with conflict and violence. She is currently receiving counseling due to trauma from histories of violence. Her parent divorced at the age of 6 might be the leading factor in Jane’s personal/love-like relationships.

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The purpose of this clinical evaluation is to assess the client’s current mental well-being and determine the possibility of any clinical interventions. Jane does not have a record of long-term hospitalization in any mental health center nor has she attempted suicide. Besides, the family has no record of mental illness. Despite being a savvy young lady, the clinical evaluations will help determine Jane’s mental health and she can seek treatment/ medication if the results indicate she need the interventions (Kirwan, 2014, para. 1).

Assessment Procedures:

The clinical psychiatrist on duty during the evaluation recommended the following assessment procedures:

• Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2)
• Mental Status Examination
• Review of Prior Psychological Assessment
• Review of Prior Medical Records
• Clinical Interview

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2), is an assessment tool commonly used in mental health medical and employment settings. It is a clinical scale that assesses major mental problems inclusive of anxiety, depression, addiction, and personality traits (Drayton, 2009). The MMPI-2 consists of over 500 true and false survey questions where the patients answer themselves. The questions measure the psychological state of the patient and since it is 10 clinical scales, it is very difficult to manipulate results (Drayton, 2009). The MMPI-2 10 clinical scales include; 1) Hypochondriasis (Hs)- this pertains to bodily functioning, (2) Depression- this pertains to the feeling of hopelessness or worthlessness, (3) Hysteria, (4) Psychopathic Deviate- measures the social male adjustments within one’s environment, (5) Masculinity/Feminity, (6) Paranoia, (7) Psychasthenia or Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, (8) Schizophrenia, (9) Hypomania and (10) Social Introversion” (Framingham, 2016). The reliability and validity of the test rely on the response given by the client. Participants are required to answer each survey question truthfully. A psychologist is required to construct an interpretive report. MMPI-2 assessment tool converts the score into a normalized scale “T scores” that range between 30 and 120. The normal score ranges between 50 and 65, where anything above 65 and below 50 must be interpreted by a psychologist (Framingham, 2016).

The validity of MMPI-2 based on Scenario

Jane is an intelligent patient and carefully reflect on her behaviors. Openly, she cooperated through the MMPI-2 assessment test making the process intact and goal-oriented. Based on the MMPI-2 report, Jane suffers from major depression. Other results also indicate Jane to be less comfortable in a variety of situations and often isolates herself (Kirwan, 2014). According to the report, Jane has a poor ability to handle stress and is at the risk of developing suicide ideation. Though Jane has 14 years of formal education and has an associate degree, she indicated that she would be hesitant to start therapy based on some of the results (Kirwan, 2014). Jane is also at the risk of suicide as indicated by a high score (t=79) Social Introversion Scale. Jane’s score reveals a troubled childhood that results in her struggling with personal/romantic relationships. Her score on Perceptions of Environment and People indicates that Jane is uncomfortable in various situations. Jane's diagnosis includes bipolar and major depression as indicated by her elevated Harris-Lingoes subscales on depression (Kirwan, 2014). Jane lacks proper skills to cope with a stressful situation and based on the Self-Concept she struggles with feelings of hopelessness and despair.

Ethical Considerations

During the MMPI-2 assessment, a variety of ethical guidelines must be aligned with appropriate procedures to ensure a professional relationship. Personality assessment often includes a challenging procedure and ethical dilemmas. The American Psychological Association (APA) Section 9 consists of ethical considerations during personality assessment. For instance, Section 9.0 b validate the interpretation of the patient’s mental health. It states “psychologists provide opinions of the psychological characteristics of individuals only after they have examined the individuals adequate to support their statements or conclusions” (American Psychological Association, 2010). Other ethical considerations include information privacy. Section 7.3 states “it is unethical for a psychiatrist to offer a professional opinion unless he or she has conducted an examination and has been granted proper authorization for such a statement” (American Psychological Association, 2010). A psychologist has the responsibility to maintain confidentiality during patient treatment.

Recommendations

Various aspect determines patient personality assessment and reactions to situations. According to Wu et al., (2007) religion, education, family, and culture determine personality attributes. Personality assessment provides an insight to psychologists and psychiatrists on diagnostic and clinical interventions. One recommendation would include additional assessment tools such as Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-III (MCMI-III), Rorschach Inkblot Test, and 16PF (Framingham, 2016). Utilizing a variety of assessment tools allows professionals to compare data from different tests. From the MMPI-2 assessment, Jane identified stressors that aggravate her depression, thus an effective to implement necessary clinical interventions. Jane would also benefit from counseling on her experiences as a child. Besides, the psychologist needs to introduce an effective mechanism that helps Jane cope with stressful situations.

Part Two: Personality Analysis

Various people in the social context have different unique personalities, which then are important considerations to analyze them. People display different personalities in their social context, especially the TV presenters. One of the well-known TV presenters is Gerald Jerry Springer, who is an English-American television presenter, politician, actor, producer, and also the former lawyer. He was well known for holding the Jerry Springer Show on television. Therefore, this particular assignment is going to look at Jerry Springer from the perspective of Jung’s theoretical approach to personality and describing him basing on the dichotomous facets of character as defined by Jung (Personality Test, 2020). The other primary concern will be looking at the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) personality instrument, which is based on Jung’s theories and providing the impression of Jerry Springer through the significant facets of the MBTI. Furthermore, the ethical considerations will be incorporated and how they affect the implementation of MBTI personality assessment in the setting native on Jerry Springer. The evaluation of MBTI and how it is used to provide results on Jerry Springer will be analyzed. Also, it will describe the efficacy and reliability of an assessment as it relates to him. Lastly, the opinion about how well the theory describes Jerry will be given.

Jung’s Theoretical Approach and Dichotomous Facets of Personality

The first consideration is to look at Jerry Springer from the perspective of Jung’s theoretical approach to personality basing on the dichotomous facets of character as defined by Jung (Personality Test, 2020). There are four significant aspects of Jung’s approach to nature. The first one is Extroversion (E) versus Introversion (I), which refers to one’s preference for one of the two functions of perception. The second one is Sensing (S) versus Intuition (N), which is the preference for judging. The third preference is Thinking (T) versus Feeling (F), which refers to the processing of information. Lastly, Judging (J) versus Perceiving (P) refers to how one implements the information perceived (Personality Test, 2020).

Extroversion vs. Introversion mainly focuses on the source and direction of energy expression, mostly in the exterior against the inner world (Personality Test, 2020). In most of his TV shows, Jerry Springer is often found on the side of the extroverts as he gains his energy while interacting with various guests on the TV show while thinking of on his feet. In this particular case, he does not always want to listen to what the person who has come to the show will speak, but he tries as much as possible to handle things based on how he understands them rather than just listening to them. In this regard, it implies that he takes authority and controls what needs to be said. It can also be ascertained that Jerry Springer is characterized by great intuition, which is he is motivated by getting information from various experts and establishes different considerations and compiling such information through active listening. Springer is also in a position of interacting with the guest on an interview on a larger scale, through using various things such as metaphors.

Jerry Springer can categorize an individual based on the knowledge about that particular individual, where he reveals feeling vs. thinking dichotomous facet. He decides people without empathy. He gives an analysis of a person basing on the logical situation that is being true and what he thinks it is right and just. Hence, this dramatically determines the decision made about someone or the primary subject of concern. Therefore, Jerry has the personality of listening to people and making various decisions that are fair to both sides of the story.

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) Personality Instrument

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) was constructed for the classification of subjects into types based on personality theories. It postulates that individuals have four necessary mental attitudes and four essential mental functions whereby each function consists of opposites or dualities, for example, thinking versus feeling together can create the personality profile of an individual (Cohen et al., 2013). The opposing attitudes that an individual can have are the extroversion which deals with the outside world and the interaction with other people and Introversion from within oneself. Others include judging vs. perceiving, which refers to the decision-maker and adaptive, respectively (Cohen et al., 2013). The opposing mental functions include sensing vs. intuition and thinking vs. feeling.

Jerry Springer is mainly based on profundity, which is fundamental to him as he always keeps in mind the end goal that must be achieved within the specified time allowed, not working with any extra time. In most cases, his shows are always finished when everything regarding it has been sufficiently collected so that he moves on to the next idea. Therefore, to best manage the subject of his show, Springer needs to focus on his instinct.