Epistemology: S-Knows-That-P Terrible Consequences - Essay Sample

Introduction

In Epistemology, in a case where a Knower (s)-knows a given fact (P), there are several conditions that must be met. Taking into account a given proposition that S does not believe can't be equated to the contrapositive that S knows. This implies that, for one to gain knowledge, one requires a believing aspect. Contrary, propositions which are false cannot be used to represent facts or express them; hence can't be known.

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Explain what is terrible about S-knows-that-P epistemology, according to Code.

The main issue with S-knows-that-P in epistemology is the perception when explaining how knowledge can be achieved through the perception or even justifying perception of an external world entity on things that are away from ourselves. It is challenging to establish various perceptions for all entities outside an individual's personality.

What does it mean to say that science is value-neutral?

When considering a scientific community, science as a value-neutral refers to an enterprise that crisply separates individual facts from personal value judgment. This creates an argument that the perception depicted is essential to rectify since its unrealistic because science acts as a vital knowledge source in modern society.

Explain how, according to Code, the value-neutrality of science functions as a screen against social-justice-oriented criticism.

According to Code, the implicit representation of Value-free science is continuously criticized by the fact that accepting neutrality has a high correlation with social injustice since it separates personal capability to make a judgment from the mere facts concerning one's personnel. Criticism principle does not include value-judgment suggested by social sciences since they cannot be tested empirically. Criticism of value-neutrality points to social facts hence does not lead to value-freedom.

What is the problem that feminist epistemology makes for objectivity?

The main problem in which feminist creates in objectivity is that it may be positively correlated with the norms with individualist or masculism disinterest and instantiation norms. A commonable source of knowledge in epistemology, as viewed by most feminists, needs to take place.

Explain Scheman's response that objectivity is not only a problem for feminist epistemology.

According to Scheman, assuming objective judgment refers to judgments that can be trusted rationally; it implies that objectivity assessment is based on assessing whom or what should be authorized under what basis are trust rational. Reasonable judgment needs to be made on the ones we are dependent on to establish, which extend the trust being placed on them is logical enough.

Why is it important to recognize social identities when doing epistemology according to Scheman?

Scheman emphasizes on social identity because it explains various concepts about people. Social identities explain how people perceive who they seem to be. It also explains why people do what they do. Social identities help people to position themselves into specific groups that they can be identified with.

Explain Scheman's 'maybe Gettier case.' What does it show?

Scheman explains the 'maybe Gettier case' as a concept of solving philosophical problems. The problems need to be involving and demanding the acknowledgment of descriptive knowledge. The maybe Gettier case proves that the JTB account is inadequate to handle conditions requiring knowledge.

What is the first charge against mainstream epistemology, as Antony understands it?

The first charge is the objection based on arguments and concerns drawn by Naomi. Antony understands that progressive politics mentioned by Naomi do not rely on if traditional philosophical methods are used. She also understands that progressive politics does not depend on whether philosophical doctrines are accepted. She argues that progressive politics is not dependent on these two feministic epistemology characteristics.

Explain Antony's reply to this argument.

She gives a straightforward suspicion that the significant and radical nature of political presumptions is the only one that leads to the hostile perception of "feminist epistemology." She also explains that some people adopt this view. At the same time, most of them find the mainstream epistemology concept to be false based on the overall implication of abstract concerns about the theory of knowledge.

Explain Antony's claim that there are human cognitive universals. What are these?

Antony adopts Martha Nussbaum's approach about human thinking in asserting that there are essentially female beings that have specific treatment modes appropriate to some and inappropriate to others. She also adopts many concepts enforced by Martha but claims that there exist human cognitive universals because they cannot do the normative work, as explained by Martha. The social cognitive universals are biological and genetic traits.

How would the existence of human cognitive universals pose a challenge to Code's form of feminist epistemology?

Human cognitive universals are the common characteristics and qualities that can reoccur and act as repeated entities on individuals. The challenge would occur when trying to answer questions that may arise. In an example where; assuming that a room has two females, specific properties of the females would be requested when depending on codes form of epistemology. When relying on human cognitive universals, the definition of the particular properties won't be needed.