Athenians' Religious Beliefs: Worshipping Pantheon Gods.

Religious Beliefs Athenians believed in many gods and goddesses. Temples were used as the centre of worship; the priests were believed to have power for communicating with gods. Zeus was the ruler of the gods. Temple of Apollo was the main centre of worship, and they worshipped the pantheon gods of Greek. They believed that their gods recognized and appreciated the temples. Religion and political organizations were interjoined. The heads of the cities served as priests; Zeus was the main sanctuary located in the city of Dion. Other gods included Athena, Aphrodite, Hephaestus, Aries, and five more pantheon gods of Greek. Zoroaster also referred to as Zarathustra, was considered as a godly revelation from Ahura Mazda. Angara Mainyu was recognized as the god of strife and discord. The sermons were the foundation of the religion which was called Zoroastrianism

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Type of Government Athens practised democratic form of government; all citizens participated in political formulations; only children, slaves, and women were not allowed to participate. It was ruled by the aristocratic warrior; they practised Tyranny as the form of government after the democratic government failed. The monarch was the earliest government; it was a hereditary form of government succession. The territory was divide into tribal regions, in each of the regions, a warrior king was the leader. Monarchy was the form of government in Persia; it ruled from India to Greece. The government structure was hierarchical with King at the top of the hierarchy. Down the hierarchy was the regional governors called satraps.

Citizenship (Present or Not) The government considered Athenian people as legal citizens and enjoyed equal political rights. The government considered citizenship of tyrants. Syracusans were the citizens, and they joined hands to make one leader, the King. The government did not adopt any for citizenship and equality; all the people lived according to the rules if the King. The government did not recognize the people or citizens as the fundamentals of the state. The King was obsolete, and people lived by his rules

Social Organization Athenian society was made up of four main social classes that are citizens, metrics, and slaves as non-citizens and upper class and women. There were three main social classes, citizens, metics, and slaves. aristocratic families dominated the empire; it was the second in command after the King The Persian Empire was diverse; each region and city promoted pre-existing social relations.

Gender Roles/Patriarchy Athens emphasized patriarchy, where women served two main roles, to bear children and carry out household chaos. Emphasis was on patriarchy with women serving as the inferior members of the society. It emphasized patriarchy, where the marriage was the primary individual element.

Persians emphasized on a patriarchal organization.

Military Organization The military was organized in phalanx and hepolite. In battle, they formed a phalanx in a kilometre wide protected by overlapping walls of shields. The form of the military was infantry, they were armed with pikes, spears, sarrisas and other pole made weapons. They fought in a group of phalanxes and hepolite. Macedonia used hoplite and Phalanx military organization. trained members of the military fight in large and densely grouped solders called phalanxes Calvary and archers were their main strength; archers made up the most significant part of the military who fought with arrows.

Based on historical comparison in the above chart, the relationship between Greeks and Syracusans, Macedonians, and Persians.

Greeks and Syracusans culturally share some similarities and differences, in terms of religion, the two share similar concepts of worship; they both believe in gods and goddesses. They have sacred places of worship, which are the temple. Social organizations are different; in Greek, citizenship determines their social classes, while Syracusans do not consider citizenship.

Greeks and Macedonians are far different in terms of their cultural phalanxes; Greek has political and religious institutions separate while Macedonians are interjoined. The differences in the form of government determine cultural differences in both Athens practice democracy, where citizens have equal rights, which is different for Macedonians.

Greeks and Persians culturally not the same from many perspectives, including the form of government, religious practices, and social life. Athens being a democratic state, many cultural practices are harmonious. The Persian empire was much diversified and each province having separate ruling, the hierarchical political culture was also practised

According to the historical evidence in the chart, Athens remains one of the best states practising positive cultures and way of ruling. Despite these differences, most of them share common names for their gods, way or worship, and patriarchy revels in both. The government determines their way of life that is social and economic and citizenship.

Section 2 - Biological Comparisons

Research question

Civilizations Per cent lactose intolerant C2 number

Athens/Sparta compared to: 45% Syracuse No calculations necessary for 0.499

Macedonia These populations 9.146

Persia 60% Question This research aims to determine if the genetic data of the Greek and Syracusans, Macedonians, Persians are the same or different. The study uses percentages of lactose to conclude the difference or similarities.

Ho Greek genetics are the same as that of Persians, Syracusans, and Macedonians

Ha The genetic relationship among human beings in ancient societies does not have regular linkage.

Expected Observed

p q Expected (Athens/Sparta) Observed (Persia)

Frequency Number Frequency Number

p2 2pq q2 Number (O) Number (E) O-E (O-E)2 (O-E)2/E

p2 2pq q2 2 = Answer: