Annotated Bibliography on Countering Extremism: Reducing Radicalization Through Education

Introduction

Extremism refers to the state of being physically, ideologically, or socially inclined to one side. The forms of extremist societies include. Racial extremism, extreme terrorist groups, political extremists, and other groups. Counter radical education tries to reduce these forms of extremism by educating people. Radicalization, on the other hand, is the mass induction and introduction of people into these radical groups. The end of results forces them into the extremist ideological way of thinking. This paper aims at finding this counter-extremism and counter-radicalization through education.

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Arshad-Ayaz, A., & Naseem, M. A. (2017). Creating "invited" spaces for counter-radicalization and counter-extremism education. Diaspora, Indigenous and Minority Education, 11(1), 6-16

This article aims at attaining counter-radicalization and counter-extremism education through the elimination of barriers. It does this by creating "Invited" spaces. This means that the public is included in the process. The task is simple; it means giving each individual the responsibility to be watchful and report any suspicious instance for proper investigation and followup. The audience sees many things that are never visible to the eyes of the authority. Thus working together can ease the process by helping the administration gather information about their safety. Radical groups hiding in the society can be easily smoked out. This could be the best experience to achieve.

The question is that why is the government not implementing any policies that would create a good rapport between the authorities and the people to help curb such cases? The study finds that previous documentation has had little or no information about this step; it has not been thought and implemented well before. Therefore it could be an opportunity since the radicals have always used this to their advantage and hide in between the unnoticing citizens until a point is reached that the citizens do not care about their existence. The society has to be educated on the adverse effects of these groups. They could eventually turn against them, and thus they must be of support to the authorities.

The study was aimed at finding the measures that could be done to bridge the gap between the people and the police. To do this study, the researcher had to gather information primarily from the ground. The use of questionnaires was applicable, and the response from people was analyzed to check on their view and perspective on the matter. People are ready and willing to help, and some do it voluntarily at the moment by going to report any case. It is advisable that way, and the gap will be eliminated.

From the research, it was recommended that policies that will bridge the gap be established. People should be advised to take part in a responsive measure. Parents were encouraged to lead the young generation away from this and help them know the significant negative impact of involvement in them. The findings prove to be accurate, all the radicalization happens, and when the children are affected or influenced into it, we protect them dearly without helping them get to the right path. That is where society fails. The only critique of this article is whether it is realistic and possible to be a significant impact on establishing counter extremism.

Lavarias, R. B. (2015). Winning the hearts and minds: Improving U.S. counter-radicalization efforts through a study of the United Kingdom's PREVENT program. Homeland Security Affairs.

This article speaks about one significant way of dealing with counter-extremism and counter-radicalization through education. The main idea behind this article is to achieve counter-extremism and counter-radicalization through winning the hearts of people. It explains that unity and changing the thoughts of people from what they see proves useful. This article is an open type of study that emphasizes the general feel of the public and how they perceive certain matters that affect their social well-being. A united community typically marginalized groups of people, and thus radicalization is hard to penetrate such societies.

The main research question on focus here is done to change the language of communication between the people, and the authority changes the mind of the people? The problem statement is trying to find the solution for the reasons behind changing the type of language between the police officers specifically and the citizens. Through an excellent moral interaction between the police and the people, it is possible to achieve counter-extremism and counter-radicalization in the shortest time possible.

From the literature review, the article explores the role of propaganda in spreading false information and how it affects people's actions. Wrong information can drive rage and hostility amongst innocent people. Eliminating false propaganda and getting the right information to the public is the only way of achieving counter-extremism and counter-radicalization. For this study, the use of questionnaires was used. First-hand information is necessary when trying to get the exact thoughts and feelings of the people. The exact thoughts, ideas, and opinions of the people can be obtained. From there, it was possible to come up with a proper conclusion and recommendation that fits the objectives of the state, putting in mind that all the procedures above have much to do with what is concluded.

The credibility of the findings is based on the truth behind the recommendations. If they are achievable, then the outcomes are credible, and in this case, they are. It was found out that people like to work hand in hand with the arms of government and are ready to help in any way and provide credit to the police. The article gives a clear communication and information about what needs to be done by the general society to play a role in counter-extremism and counter-radicalization. Further research can be done on the ways the communities are doing this on their own to enhance unity and hence eradicating radicalization and other threats.

Ayres, J. M. (2018). Counter-radicalization: An analysis of violent extremist ideologies.

In a bid to realize counter-extremism and counter-radicalization, several techniques have to be used. In this article, counter-radicalization can be achieved through predictive techniques. They include procedures that will give a clear indication of the possibility of radicalization. Therefore appropriate steps can be taken to eliminate them before they are out of control. These predictive techniques give a clear indication of what needs to be done. They predict what is about to happen, and the group that is about to be targeted for radicalization. From here, actions can be taken to ensure that this group is not affected. The analysis is done by getting into the streets, interacting with people, and gathering information from them about the current happenings. From there, it is possible to get information on violent extremist ideologists and can be stopped in advance before people are lured into it.

The problem statement is based on the increasing radicalization in violent extremist ideologies. This has been brought about by the presence of disjointed and inadequate synchronization of collective community efforts. Thus the research question is aimed at getting the strategies, practices, and procedures used to radicalize violent extremist ideologies. From there, it is possible to find the possible results of how to successfully draft a counter-radicalization strategy.

The method used to get data in the article includes both qualitative and quantitative data analysis methods. The quantitative techniques facilitate assigning a numerical value to a specific aspect of data for analysis. Qualitative in this scenario helped identify the relationship between the sources of the exposure of individuals to extreme ideologies and those that aid in the process of radicalization.

It was found out that the exposure of people into extremist ideologists is a time taking process. This time is thus enough for intervention and preventing the perpetrators from getting into brainwashing the individuals. There must be a loophole that enables it to get in, such as religion and marginalization. Hence this article was geared at identifying them and ten using countermeasures to eliminate the gaps that were to enable it to get into society. The results prove to be credible and show the extent to which the community can be far ahead in counter-extremism and counter-radicalization by finding the loopholes and eliminating them. The techniques have to be reliable and able to remove the threats without affecting society. The article indicates a clear flow in information into and thus provides the best basis of counter-extremism and counter-radicalization.

Woodhams, K. (2016). Connections among communities: Preventing radicalization and violent extremism through social network analysis (SNA) in the threat and hazard identification and risk assessment (THIRA) framework. Homeland Security Affairs.

The interconnection between various societies eliminates individual differences and brings about unity. To reduce radicalization, bringing in different communities together is paramount. It makes cultures eliminate external beliefs. Scenario situations that encourage extremism are eradicated; it is possible to reduce the possibility of radicalization. For instance, a system where the difference in gender, age, originality, ethnicity, religion, and social classes is seamless, cases of radicalization are minimal. The primary driver behind this is the presence of immense equality eliminates segregation, and thus radicalization has no room.

This article describes the importance of using unity as a tool to achieve counter-radicalization. The study above is an extensive study on the roles of society in the elimination of radicalization. This is true because it helps in eliminating intercommunity barriers.

The problem statement is the effect of extremist groups in channeling radical ideologies. The main target being marginalized in the communities. The theoretical framework tries to explain through a multi-case study analysis. It examines the individual's process of radicalization and programs geared towards countering violent extremism. The literature review describes the social network analysis scores and how they can be useful in bringing the marginalized societies in line. The feeling of identification and being part of the significant community eliminates most fears and hence prevents them from radicalization ideologies.

The use of multiple research questions approaches to gather the data used and in the study. Through the use of numerous case studies, it is possible to identify the problems affecting the marginalized communities. Solving their problems will make them at the same level as the rest of society. The process of radicalization is therefore eliminated as their avenues to the marginalized groups are curbed. The significant findings in the article show that the operation can be the most effective in countering violent extremism. It was discovered that the groups getting radicalized have lacked much and hence are left behind. The radical groups take advantage of this to impart their ideas of giving them hope on these groups and thus winning them to their side.

The credibility of the findings is high. It proves the loopholes that the radical groups use to get into the societies. By bringing people together and eliminating the social barriers, their entry is prevented. For further research, it would be essential to find other alternative methods they use to remove them as well. The article provides transparent information flow and thus provides effective measures of...