Sports-Related Concussion: A Narrative Review of the Literature

Marshall, C. M. (2012). Sports-related concussion: a narrative review of the literature. The Journal of the Canadian Chiropractic Association, 56(4), 299. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3501917/

Marshall (2012) conducted research about concussion that results in result from the sports. The finding indicated that in recent years, the issue on sport-related concussions had caught the headlines of the social media houses because of the long-term consequences and possible dangers it causes to athletes. However, the finding indicated that despite all the numerous consensus given to the issue still a lot of uncertainty surrounding the issue remain a great deal. As a result of that, Marshall decided to further the recent literature on the topic of a concussion that, in overall consist of pathophysiology, biomechanics, sideline management, and diagnosis. The main aim was to create further awareness in the United States about the effects caused by a concussion.

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Review

The finding indicated that SRC (Sport-related concussion) is a complex pathophysiological process that tampers with the brain and result from the traumatic biomechanical forces. As per the finding it clear that the result of the abrupt deceleration and acceleration of the craniocervical complex is a direct blow to the head. The finding indicated that the impact of this may result in consciousness or not, and as per facts, it proved that 90 percent of a concussion do not lead to loss of consciousness. It is found that in each year, almost 1.6 and 3.8 million athletes in the United States suffer a concussion due to their involvement in sports. In light of this, it is clear that even after the fact still sport-related concussion is considered underestimation following many injuries that go unrecognized.

What was also noted is that soccer is the most common cause of SRC among females in the United States. It is estimated to be roughly 8.5 percent of the overall high school SRC. Based on the biomechanical data on head impact, it clear that 50 percent of the United States high school footballers suffer concussions. As well, based on the literature review it was found that the range of linear acceleration of 74.0 g to 146.0 g and the angular acceleration of 5582.6rads/s2 to 9515.6rads/s2 is what causes concussion among collegiate and high school football players. It was found out as well that linear acceleration of more than 96.1 and angular acceleration of more than 5582rad/s2 cause the highest concussion following the data from over 57000 impacts.

Consequently, it was found out that when there is extreme acceleration on the head, then there will be rapid displacement in the head that causes neck deformation. As well, it was found that the cervical spine is one of the factors that cause a concussion. According to the pathophysiology, it was found out that concussion injury causes the fast onset of short time neurological impairment that resolves impulsively within 7 to 10 days. Despite the neurological impairment, it was found out that conventional neuroimaging techniques infrequently show any detectable injury signifying neuronal dysfunction preferably than cell death. As a result, diverse and multifaceted symptom, presentation is well-thought-out to be due to the reversible functional deficit, preferably than actual structural damage.

It was found out that concussion injury presents many varieties of signs and symptoms, and many of the athletes often are unaware of their state. Based on the study conducted in more than 1000 high schools, it was found out that most of the sport-related concussions reported symptoms were dizziness(75.5%), headache(94.3%), confusion(44.0%), visual disturbance (34.4%), difficulty concentrating (53.9%) and loss of consciousness were estimated to be less than 5 percent. It was found out that at most of the cases, the signs and symptoms are passing hence creating difficulties when it comes to judgment. As well, passing symptoms lasting not more than 15 minutes in the past were well-thought-out to be grade one, or mild and athletes were permitted to return to play. However, to date, the grading system regarding concussion has been abandoned, and athletes are not permitted to return play whatsoever. It was found out that test such as Sideline Concussion Assessment Tool, System Scores, and Balance Error Scoring System are very vital to access the athletes concerning concussion.

The finding indicated that the best way to manage concussion is by not allowing the athletes to return to play upon them experiencing the listed signs and symptoms. It was found out that the reason that makes the athlete not to be allowed to return is the late onset of symptoms, active exercise following concussion and SIS (Second Impact Syndrome). It was found out premature return causes additional risk to athletes.

Application and Reflection

According to my understanding, the article is trying to teach and provide the solutions to the sport-related concussion that is faced by athletes. It gives a clear solution to the diagnosis of the concussion and how well it can be managed to avoid causing more complication to the athletes. So, the article is giving out knowledge that is known by few people because even athletes themselves don't understand much about concussion and they are the one facing it while playing. The article is fully equipped with the knowledge and can be understood easily by readers.

Connection to FOS

I think the article will push me forward with my 437 projects because it gives me more understanding of the issues affecting the athletes. As well, at the end of the article, more sources that explore the same issues are listed. So, the listed sources can help me in doing more research concerning concussion and, in the process, I can get more solution regarding the same.

Reference

Marshall, C. M. (2012). Sports-related concussion: a narrative review of the literature. The Journal of the Canadian Chiropractic Association, 56(4), 299. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3501917/