Research Paper Example on Racial Segregation in the US

Introduction

Racial segregation underlies the practice of restricting people to certain circumscribed residential areas or other separate institutions like the church and schools and facilities like playgrounds restaurants, among others, based on race (Arrow, 1998). The practice provides means in which people maintain an economic advantage and superior social status by the potential group that is dominant and is primarily employed by the whites to maintain their ascendancy over other groups utilizing a social color. Economic and racial segregation have the economy resulted in negative impacts not only on people who have lower-incomes, and the ethnic minorities also abut on the region's residences as a whole (Arrow, 1998). There exist real costs of segregation non the realms of race and ethnicity, with the regions there are racially segregated being more likely to economically segregated.

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The two, racial segregation and economic effects, present a strong relationship, especially when measuring black-white segregation. Ultimately, there are costs of segregation, which vary by ethnicity and race in education, crime, health, and income (Arrow, 1998). Therefore, racial segregation and economic effects in the United States have demonstrated ion the realms of income, whereby there is an association of lower media and per capita income for blacks than the whites.

Overview

As per History.com Editors (2018), upon abolishing slavery by the United States, black Americans have continued to be marginalized vial enforced segregation, coupled with diminishing access to facilities lie education, housing, education, and other opportunities. Segregation underlies the practice of needing separate housing, education, and other services for the people of color, and segregation informed part of the law in the 18th and 19th century in the U.S., albeit some people were in the notion that the white and black people could never coexist (History.com Editors, 2018).

Economics underlies how people choose to allocate their finite resources among the finite demands on its members. Through that, the wealth it can be analyzed and observed at both the micro and macro level. According to the Metropolitan Housing and Communities Policy Center (2017), racial segregation and economic effects evolve ion complex ways stemming from lower incomes, especially in black residential areas, lower educational attainment of the blacks as compared to the white's lower levels of safety in the black's residential areas economic growth, life expectancy thus posing vast challenges on those from the minority race.

Additionally, there has been strong evidence that segregation causes major harm, especially to those living in poverty and racially segregated neighborhoods (Thomas et al., 2017). Economic disparities between African-Americans and whites are well researched, with an existing large gap in the spheres of income, employment, poverty, and occupational achievement. Conversely, there also exists racial differences in the components of bet worth like home equality. That is especially where the whites' homes are of more apricating value than the ones owned by African Americans, thereby informing residential segregation (Thomas et al., 2017).

Impact of Racial Segregation

According to Metropolitan Housing and Communities Policy Center. (2017), most of the white in the U.S. do not care about racial equality, the bias of the police against the minorities, and brutality against the black since such issues do not affect them. The same logic is equal for the racial wealth gap as they have a notion that they worked hard for their wealth and that the rest should do the same (Brown,2020). Most black Americans face racism daily, which may also affect the whites' economic wellbeing. Like the black, the whites may also suffer from the vicious cycle of compiling systemic racism's adverse effects. However, the effects may not be inexorable, and it is upon the white Americans to end the abomination of racism as it affects them too economically (Brown,2020).

The Negative Effects of Racism

The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) underscores the most popular indicators of Domestic nations' wealth tracking. It underlies the monetary value of all the products and services that are finished within a country's borders within a specified period (Brown, 2020). GDP has adverse impacts on everyone, stemming from investments, growth of jobs, and personal finances. According to Metropolitan Housing and Communities Policy Center (2017) when growth is healthy and consistent, new job opportunities are most likely to be created, coupled with a rise in productivity wages. Simultaneously, the unemployed are likely to be brought back to the job market, which subsequently helps in crime reduction rates and other unemployment issues like mental health and drug addiction (Brown, 2020).

Additionally, when the GDP is healthy, more investors are likely to be attracted stemming from foreign investments and buying goods and services, meaning that there would be high paying. Good jobs may not be shipped to other countries. According to a recent report by McKinsey and Company is for such reasons that racism is costing white Americans a rough estimate of $2900-$4300 for every man, child, and woman, meaning that they miss out in some instances of growth. It thereby robs itself with numerous job opportunities, money, promotions, and higher living standards than they currently have (Brown,2020).

Negative Effects of White Americans' Economic Wellbeing

Racism brings a cost to everyone, and its cost on the U.S. citizens may be seen in the physical, mental, and spiritual aspects, albeit there is always an economic aspect involved. Racism results in economic and wage stagnation that exists as a reality in American society, and it is prevalent in lower-paying jobs, especially in the manufacturing sector. Racism is one of the primary reasons why American workers do not have collective bargaining and unions' power in other developing nations (Brown,2020). The white Americans are adversely affected by the corporations that wiled monopsony powers. In most cases, the white powers are always at the highest levels of pay scales in the major sectors of monopsony, yet the wages become the first to be lowered, thus informing the weak state unions in the United States (Brown,2020).

The white Americans are normally scared that the black people may surpass them if the unions were to take hold; hence racism becomes the instrument capital used for the crushing of bargaining g power of American workers. According to Metropolitan Housing and Communities Policy Center (2017), currently, racism has kept most Americans from Brown, receiving higher wages that match their productivity, especially by examining the preferences of race by most voters. And just like in the 1940s, many Americans now vote in favor of their cultural and racial interests, contrary to their economic interests. Such a degree of division makes capital to divide the workers against themselves in the quest for consolidating political power (Brown, 2020).

Cause of Systematic Economic Disadvantages

Most segregated Hispanic and black neighborhoods are normally markedly poorer than most white neighborhoods that are overwhelming, especially in their metro regions. That answers the question as to why segregated histaminic and black neighborhoods are poor since their inhabitants are also poor and racial segregation as a primary cause of systematic economic disadvantages for the segregated Hispanics and the blacks in the segregated areas. Additionally, according to Metropolitan Housing and Communities Policy Center (2017), such types of segregation affect the poor blacks and the middle class in the realms of their occupation, education, family income, and other forms of segregation. Conversely, the white antipathy results in segregation that subsequently results in concentrated poverty, coupled with oppositional culture as a reinforcement of white antipathy. Furthermore, low values in houses result in worse public finances that ultimately generate poor services to the public that further minimizes houses' values.

Effects of Racial and Regional Inequality

According to Metropolitan Housing and Communities Policy Center (2017), American faith asserts that education and hard work renders opportunities for everyone to build a better life. However, many African Americans are still in communities with the least prospects for upward mobility. And such cases are not by chance but rather a reflection of consequences which are both intended and unintended by the U.S. policies that have shaped people's opportunities and residences in the communities. There has been spatial disruption o=f the black population over the decades, which is related to the U.S.'s economic policy and economic mobility.

As per Metropolitan Housing and Communities Policy Center (2017), most blacks are likely to beer in the south, or the Midwest of urban areas rarely live in the west. For that reason, any shifts in economics that may disadvantage the south and Midwest may misappropriate affect the African Americans. The differences in regions within suburbs, cities, and rural areas also accelerate racial inequality. The blacks are more concentrated in large metropolitan areas in the central counties as metropolitan than the whites. The concentration of African-Americans is not accidental since it is influenced by discrimination, intimidation, lender behavior, public policies, and white flight from cities.

According to the History Editors.com (2018), in economic mobility, there is a spatial distribution of economic resources on the black population as they experience low levels of economic mobility. In the South, for instance, there exist lower levels of economic mobility among the blacks and lower corresponding rates on the whites (Thomas et al., 2017). Conversely, there is a connection between racial and regional inequality with high African Americans concentrated in areas with disadvantaged policies and practices that disadvantage the blacks' community, thereby reinforcing patterns of spatial inequality.

Conclusion

In a nutshell, racism is prevalent in the United States, especially by the whites against African Americans, especially in the realms of economic policies and practices that continue to disadvantage the racial minorities. Such areas include, for instance, education whereby public education is underfunded in African American majority schools, thereby limiting their acquisition of skills and upward mobility. Employment discrimination also makes it difficult for African American families to escape from poverty or build wealth in their communities. There also exists regional inequality owing to racial inequality.

Finally, according to Metropolitan Housing and Communities Policy Center. (2017), blacks are also discriminated against in social safety and the net system. There are increased sanctions and less spending in black communities than the white communities, thereby limiting the blacks' upward mobility as they lag economically. Therefore, there needs to be identifying mechanisms to address and reverse the continuing discriminatory economic policies and practices on blacks as a moral perspective and economic concern.

References

Arrow, K. J. (1998). What has economics to say about racial discrimination? Journal of Economic Perspectives, 12(2), 91-100.
https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.12.2.91

Brown, W. (2020, August 3). Racism is hurting the economic well-being of the U.S. and its workforce — including white workers. The Kinder Institute for Urban Research.
https://kinder.rice.edu/urbanedge/2020/08/03/racism-economics-hurting.