Research Design for Public Analysis Paper Example

Applied research takes an integrative approach that focuses on data collection, design, and analysis. They are various forms of data collection and analysis that how a case should be written and presented after all the findings have been collected. Research is a tiresome exercise where an individual is forced spends a lot of time gathering the data that is going to support their analysis. Researcher strives to provide quality research that answers the research question appropriately (Brown & Hale, 2014). Data collected comes in various shapes, and is used as evidence. The data provide evidence without forcing the researcher to rely on published articles. Quality research answers the research questions satisfactory, and uses evidence that is ethical strong, and listen to different opinions that can improve its standards. The paper is going to discuss the factor influencing the quality of research.

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Validity is a scientific method of measuring what is deemed to be measurable. It measures the quality to estimate if it is correct. Validity is complicated to determine it has various dimensions. Internal validity- It refers to the validity of the findings that are within the study. Mainly it assesses the strength of the outcome that is the casualties. It is easy to determine the validity of the laboratory results, and achieve high levels. In questionnaires, the criterion validity is used as a term to assess the internal validity of the extent to which the questions are measuring the state. It is mainly determined by comparing two questionnaires'.

External validity - It is the use of outside resources to determine the viability of the research. Use of various methods does it. Another term used to refer to external validity is generalizability. For instance, public opinion which can be done by the entrance to any public facility (Khorsan& Crawford, 2014). Construct validity- the term construct in its own is a concept. It is setting out research questions with the aim of defining a certain objective. Increasing the number of different measures in the research will result in increasing the construct validity if all of them are trying to measure the same construct. Content validity is the term used in the context of the questionnaires. Reliability is the stability of the measures adopted in the investigation. Also, it refers to the ability of testing and getting the same results over and over.

The threat to reliability and validity may occur in the research due to various factors. Some of the threats they face include:

1. The failure to identify involvement properly. The study may fail to identify who was the victim and the perpetrator and in the process interchange the information.
2. Identity failure. It is the cognitive failure of what some acts mean and in the process ends up misinterpreting the information.
3. Lack of properly identifying where a particular incident took place and the time frame of the same.
4. Refusal by company workers or agencies to part with valuable information which is beneficial to the survey.
5. The definition of terms may vary depending on the location.
6. The researcher may influence the research which in turn affects the setting in a way(Kalpesh, 2013).

Also, the researcher may select a research method which in turn affects the procedures.

The interpretation of one researcher may differ with another affects the final findings. Different findings cause it.

Adequate sampling denotes the minimum size needed in a certain population parameter. The sample is considered to be adequate if it handles the population size appropriate and inspires a certain degree of confidentiality. The parameter is mainly used to a population size that is more than 1000 to save time and cost. The findings have no potential bias. The sample size becomes a representation of the entire population. Inadequate sampling is generalizing of the data. The sample size large making the data to have a potential bias.

Field research is the process of collecting raw data outside of the workplace setting. They are the various method used in the gathering of the field data. One is direct observation. It is a close visual inspection of the area chosen. It is a method that refrains from engaging people, but instead, the researcher decides to be unobtrusive. Interview- it is a method where the researcher chooses to join the local people or community by asking them a few questions related to the study. Participant observation- It is a method where the researcher stays in the field and understand the setting of society by taking part in the day to day activities. The researcher becomes a member of society. Use of the questionnaire- it is a method where the researcher uses questionnaires to gather information from the field. The question used is closed and open-ended to restrict the respondent from giving information that is going to be useful in the study. Use of digital camera- it is the use of the digital camera to record videos or take a camera or the events observed in the field.

Conclusion

Descriptive research is defined as the process that depends on social science to explain policies and their effects. It requires a set of observations that identifies the pattern. Explanatory research insinuates the study conducted ought to be explained rather than described. This method explains phenomena.

References

Brown, M., & Hale, K. (2014). Applied research methods in public and nonprofit organizations. San Francisco, Calif: Jossey-Bass.

Kalpesh. (2013). Threats to validity and reliability of data | Dissertation India. Retrieved from https://www.dissertationindia.com/blog/threats-to-validity-and-reliability-of-data

Khorsan, R., & Crawford, C. (2014). External validity and model validity: a conceptual approach for systematic review methodology. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2014.