Paper Example on Uncovering the Past: An Overview of Anthropology

Anthropology involves studying humanity systematically to get a good understanding of people's distinctiveness as species, evolutionary and their social existence form around the world and time. Anthropology is divided into three smaller fields which include archaeology, social-cultural and biological. Archaeology is the process of studying the present material remains that were used in the past to understand the social, technical and political organization of those systems and get facts behind the evolutionary culture process (Wortham,2008). The biological anthropology involves the study of different human evolutionary biology aspects. We are going to major mostly on sociocultural anthropology in this project which involves interpretation of particular cultures content, get the differences among cultures, and study more about the social transformation and cultural change processes.

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The research on sociocultural anthropology in most of the areas around the world is usually conducted by UC Davis who focuses mostly on topics like race, class, and gender. West's cultural politics, culture, and biology, demography and family systems, human ecology and development. When we talk about an ethnic group, it's a description of people sharing a common language, heritage, and culture. The United States is mostly described as the different cultures and nationalities melting point. Jimmy Carter who is former president famously and slightly referred to is a beautiful mosaic, not a melting point. The United States is undeniably characterized by its rich diversity, different people, with different dreams, people with different hope and different yearnings who use different types of languages in their home. A report which was published in 2005 from the Census conducted in the United States shows that around 350 languages are spoken in this State. English is the most spoken language in the United States and its surprising how this is not the official language. On the books, there is no official language in the State although this topic has been the center of debate for centuries.

The political scale conservative side are the proponents who fight so hard to make English the official language while the other side of opponents is more pro-immigrant and left-leaning. This has not stopped most of the people from giving opinions on why English should officially be the national language which involves more than 50 states passing this law. Whether English is made an official language or not, the fact remains that this is the most spoken language in the largest United States population (Li, Ping,2017). The number of people speaking Spanish in the United States is lesser than that of those who speak English but it is one of the fastest-growing languages in this country which according to the Pew Research Center has increased by 2335 between 1980 and 2013. The people speaking in Spanish in America are more than those in Spain which makes it second as compared to Mexico. Spanish words and phrases in terms of vocabulary have interacted with English from America which is mostly seen in America states and cities such as El Paso, Nevada, and San Francisco.

Chinese is the third most spoken language in the United State who make up make a large impressive population in the country. This population has built up so fast just like any native American born here because of the immigrants who settled in the country to win big in the Gold Rush of the state in the 19th century. The majority of Chinese people in the United States live in California, then New York and Texas come third. One of the oldest American Chinatowns in San Francisco which was as a result of Gold Rush. French being a hybrid of African and French language is the fourth most spoken language in the United States. French settlers came with their culture and language in 1699 when France controlled Louisiana territory (Ruiz,2015). There has been a huge influence on American English phrases and words from French such as sovereign(souverain) and justice(justice). Tagalog is spoken by the Philippines in America who in the early 20th century came to this country to work in California and Hawaii as agricultural laborers. Their migration process was less painful because they were considered as American nationals. Vietnamese speakers in America are slightly smaller than Tagalog speakers. They migrated to reunite with family members who asked for help from the American government due to the Vietnam war. The beautiful mosaic of America keeps growing due to the people who speak these languages linguistically, culturally and geographically.

About 40 percent of the United States' land is used for farming. Around $400 billion is generated from these farm operations after the products are sold which includes 45 percentage from livestock and 55 percentage. Improved technology, pesticide, computerization, and fertilizer has led to an increase in land outputs. The United States agriculture competitiveness and economic returns have been shaped by various policies from the public that promote export markets, support commodity prices, influence environmental and labor practices. The farm income in America differs according to the size of the land. It is difficult to get the exact number of people involved in agricultural production because the number of workers in the United States farms is family members who are not usually paid. We also have poultry farmers who are paid according to their production which is relative to the other farmers who are never sure about the amount of money that they will get paid at the end of a session.

The farmworkers who are hired in the United States work for fewer days for low wages that most of the workforce, which has led to problems of unemployment, underemployment and many households of the workers experience poverty. Most of the hired workers in this country work in the vegetable, fruit, and industries dealing with horticulture, where management practices for labor-intensive compare are spread all over. Noncitizen laborers experience a higher rate of poverty which is almost three times that of the citizen farmworkers. Motivations that will push farmers have been introduced such as the desire to be one's boss, maintaining the family farming trend, teaching the young ones how to work in the farms for the best products and working outdoors.

The young farmers are however experiencing a problem in entering this sector because of the uncertain economic returns and high capital costs from the agricultural products' high costs. Many people working in the farms live in housing that is substandard and have no control over their labor practices and work schedule. Around 15 percent of the crop farmers in the United States move from one farm to another to find a continues mode of employment. This may lead to family structure destruction and their children's educational experiences. More than half of the farm workers' population are foreign-born and there do not have the United States permission to work here (Lichter,2011). Citizenship insecurity and many worker immigration statuses face a lack of pf political and economic power and this makes them vulnerable to the exploitation of their leaders. Improved models that understand farm and food dynamics have been developed and the food supply key factors are important in supporting social and economic food system changes.

Works Cited

Lichter, Daniel T., and David L. Brown. "Rural America in an urban society: Changing spatial and social boundaries." Annual review of sociology 37 (2011): 565-592.

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Daniel_Lichter/publication/228173923_Rural_America_in_an_Urban_Society_Changing_Spatial_and_Social_Boundaries/links/0deec522689d8d5926000000.pdf

Li, Ping, Benjamin Schloss, and D. Jake Follmer. "Speaking two "Languages" in America: A semantic space analysis of how presidential candidates and their supporters represent abstract political concepts differently." Behavior research methods 49.5 (2017): 1668-1685.

https://link.springer.com/article/10.3758/s13428-017-0931-5Ruiz, Baltasar J. Lopez. "Preservation of Minority Languages in North America: French Immersion Programs in the Province of Alberta." Open Journal of Social Sciences 3.04 (2015): 95. https://file.scirp.org/pdf/JSS_2015041014435917.pdf

Wortham, Stanton. "Linguistic anthropology of education." Annual Review of Anthropology 37 https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1184&context=gse_pubs (2008).