Bipedalism: Adaptive Features for Terrestrial Locomotion - Essay Sample

Introduction

Bipedalism is a terrestrial locomotion which involves the organism movement using its two rear limbs. The main feature s of bipedalism includes the presence of a bicondylar angle, also inferiorly placed foramen magnum. There is a higher arch on the foot and more poster orientation of the anterior portion of the iliac blade. We also have other features which are the bipedalism have a larger head diameter and increased neck length. Each of this feature helps them in adaption and address their problem with ease.

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By walking using two legs, it helps to distinguish the first human from apes. However, a scientist has not fully understood why our ancestors become bipedal. In South Africa, a skull was discovered, and it had a small brain. It was known as the Tuang child and believed to be more than three million years ago, but it had some features that it stood out like a human being. It had a whole though in which spinal cord leaves the head, foramen magnum, it showed that it held it head erect meaning it was walking upright. In recent decades anthropologist has proven that bipedalism has ancient's roots.

Early Homo erectus termed as the oldest first human who possessed a new human body like. They had shorter legs and arms, and we have fossil evidence to that. Homo erectus were upright, and they are a direct ancestor to Homo Heidelbergenis. Their brain size was a slightly lower limit to the human brain. They had a large and fleshly nose, flat face and skull had protruding edges. We have Homo Heidelbergenis, which is a subspecies of ancient humans in the genus homo. It was named so because it was discovered in Heidelberg, Germany. Its skull share features with Homo erectus and modern Homo sapiens. The brain is more of home sapiens. Homo Neanderthal is more close to human, but their skull was massive in the middle part of the face. Their nose was huge for humidity. Homo sapiens skull had a distinctive shape, and it differentiates from other earlier Homos. Also, their body shape vary, but due to the environment, they had a body with short, slim trucks and long legs. One of the skeletal features that unify all the early Hominies is that they had the same kind of skull and the same size of the brain. Also, they had big molar teeth and powerful jaw muscles, unlike the modern human. The fullest part of their skull was below the braincase while for the modern human, it is the temple region. Early hominies face was in a concave shape, and it projected forward at the bottom due to the small brain. For the modern human, the faces are almost vertical.

In the bible, the book of Genesis is the only one where God is described as the creator. From the beginning to the end of Genesis, the book is theological. It opens with God, and everything that follows is under the hypothesis of the relationship between the world and God. According to the book, it teaches us that God created the universe where he created the first human Adam in his image and later He created Eve from Adam's ribs. Most people do not believe every detail of this story but think that God was in did was responsible for the universe beginning. He sets things in wave and supervised the whole process. The genesis book, over and over, emphasizes the origin of the world.

The most debated topic that exists in the bible is the book of Genesis chapter 1 and 2. My obsession is to see if the book has a conflict with an accurate description of the universe. The book has 5o chapter, but only two of them talk about the origin of the world (Harlow, 2010). The bible makes theological points and does not do it in a vacuum. The stories and traditional background of the universe found in Genesis are not the only that exists, but they are similarities. However, the theological point makes the whole different. As we read through Genesis, it is a challenge to be accepted in understanding the origin of the universe. It is only looking at what culture believes in matters of nature. This might be a scientific conflict but more to be theological. The bible does not specify the actual age of heaven and earth, but for scientist, they determine that the universe is 15 billion old. From the text, we read that the creation took six days, and for the scientist, they don't have a specific time for creation. More also, we can see that the universe existed before the creation started. We can conclude that there is significant conflict in Genesis with science.

From eastern myth, Harlow's suggest that the chapters explain current human conditions and articulate a conception of the world (Harlow, 2010). He explains that the sections are kind of story and not history and all the events and character that took place look more symbolic than real facts. Harlow suggests that all the episodes are of significant amount etiological which are designed to make us understand the origin and the cause of human aspect life in this world. That is marriage, sexual desires, agricultural labour, childbirth pain, material beginning culture, civilization, language diversity and many others. In fall and origin of human sin, Harlow suggests that Adam and Eve were a symbolic title that represents a couple. The snake is seen as misleading half-truth but not lies since the snake is a symbol of wisdom and chaos. He says that God created Adam like one of them and being one of them, he should be able to distinguish good and evil.

Paul is the one who wrote to appeal the Adam, Eve and the serpent. He traces Jesus as the son of Adam and son of God. It looks more of like a theological construct which only affirms the salvation which God inaugurated in Jesus. Paul says sin come to the world through Adam and thus death come. For Paul, Adam act affected the whole human race, but it did not change it. He features Adam less unplanned role in human sin than a representative one.

References

Harlow, D. C. (2010). After Adam: Reading Genesis in an age of evolutionary science. Perspectives on science and Christian faith, 62(3), 179-195. http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-family-tree; (http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/genetics/human-skin-color-variation