Literature Review on Smart Devices and the Internet of Things

Introduction

Computer science is one of the fields that have experienced a lot of changes, mainly due to advancements in technology (Aazam, Khan, Alsaffar, & Huh, 2014). For instance, the Internet of Things is a recent term used in communication to envision operations that will occur in the future. In this case, the application of the Internet of Things as a communication paradigm will lead to the use of microcontrollers, appropriate protocol stacks, and trans-receivers that improve the efficacy of internet operations. Different scholars have provided different concepts on smart devices and the Internet of Things. Also, modern technology has enabled users to connect various devices and ensure effective interaction in the field of computer science.

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The smart devices include surveillance cameras, modern home appliances, monitoring sensors, vehicles, displays, and actuators (Zanella, Bui, Castellani, Vangelista, & Zorzi, 2014). The introduction of smart devices has changed the operations and lifestyles of people, especially in the field of computer science. The Internet of Things paradigm has also resulted in the introduction of 4G devices that have faster internet connectivity. Wi-Fi also emerged from the invention of smart devices in the field of computer science.

Many scholars have provided different concepts on how smart things and the Internet of Things have evolved in the world due to advancements in technology. The development and use of smart things have improved after the introduction of IoT by Kevin Ashton in 1998 (Ziegeldorf, Morchon, & Wehrle, 2014). Computing operations have also changed tremendously due to the introduction of smart devices. According to Zanella et al. (2014), the adoption of the Internet of Things by national governments improves the quality of services delivered to citizens. The literature review will be developed based on the analysis and evaluation of the articles written by different scholars on smart devices and the IoT.

Review of the Literature

The literature materials written by various computer sciences are reviewed based on how their concepts relate to the topic of smart devices and the IoT. Also, the recently published articles are reviewed because they provide essential information on the changes that have been introduced in the field of computer science. Also, the articles provide future implications of smart devices and IoT in all aspects of life. According to Zanella et al. (2014), the concept of smart devices has resulted in various development in the cities because they result in positive implications, especially in the social and economic sectors.

Also, smart devices have not taken control of most of the activities in some parts of Europe due to technical, financial, and political barriers. On the political dimension, the main obstacle is attributed to the decision-making responsibility of the power because it affects the operations of most stakeholders. According to Zanella et al. (2014), the concept of IoT has resulted in the introduction of smart devices that help in various operations like waste management, traffic congestion, noise monitoring, smart lighting, appropriate parking, and automation of public buildings in the modern cities.

The analysis of Gubbi et al. (2013) provides a lot of critical applications of IoT in various sectors. In this article, IoT is defined as a worldwide interconnection of objects through the network in a manner that relates to the standard communication protocol. According to Gubbi et al. (2013), 'Things' is used to refer to participants in business, social processes, and information sectors where they are allowed to interact, communicate and interact through the exchange of data. The communication among the participants triggers actions that lead to the creation of services that do not require interventions from direct human interaction.

The information provided by Gubbi et al. (2013) and Zanella et al. (2014) is similar because they help in ensuring effective communication and interaction among people in different aspects of life. The two articles also identify the Internet of Things as a crucial emerging component in Information Technology (IT). Another similarity of the articles by Gubbi et al. (2013) and Zanella et al. (2014) is that the popularity of various paradigms depends on time. Also, Gubbi et al. (2013) identify the benefits of smart devices in operations like logistics, parking, remote monitoring, and surveillance that had been highlighted by Zanella et al. (2014).

The main difference between the articles by Gubbi et al. (2013) and Zanella et al. (2014) is the ability of IoT to provide visualization techniques. According to Gubbi et al. (2013), visualization is an essential component in the application of IoT because it allows users to interact in their environment. For example, the visualization technique has been applied through the introduction of touch screen technologies that include the use of phones and tablets.

The article by Lee, I. & Lee, K. (2015) also provides the importance of applying the IoT approach in industries. For instance, implementing IoT and using smart devices in the industries increase revenue due to the ability to enhance service delivery to customers. The adoption of IoT technology is gaining momentum in the societal and technological perspectives. It provides various interventions in which firms have been used to reduce operational costs and improve their performances through the adoption of the IoT approach.

The essential products and services achieved from the adoption of IoT technologies include middleware, cloud computing, radio frequency identification (RFID), wireless sensor networks, and IoT application software (Lee, I. & Lee, K., 2015). The application of services and products adopted from the Internet of Things technologies improves customer value in most business organizations. The service delivery to consumers is due to the introduction and implementation of smart devices that help in sharing relevant information, monitoring and control, and data analysis in various enterprises.

The products and services offered by the adopted IoT technologies enhance communication, especially among software developers. An example of a smart device is General Electric that deploys sensors in the turbines, its jet engines, and wind farms. The ability to analyze data in real-time enables General Electric to save money and time that would have been spent in preventive maintenance. In the article, A Review of Internet of Things for Smart Home by Stojkoska and Trivodaliev (2017). Challenges and solutions to emerging technologies are provided to prevent losses. A holistic framework is provided to guide in reducing the problems related to the application of the Internet of Things technologies.

According to Aazam et al., (2014), advancements in technology have resulted in the Internet of Things and cloud computing. In the current operations, smart devices have enhanced services delivery to consumers; therefore, enabling various enterprises to improve their performances. IoT technologies create reachability and connectivity in the computer science field. The analysis of the articles written by Aazam et al. (2014) creates a link on how the Internet of Things enables users to locate the appropriate storage for their data. For example, video is usually stored in a physical location that can be easily accessed by the user of the device.

Aazam et al. (2014) provide a typical architecture of the IoT that consists of three layers. The layers include the Perception layer, Application layer, and Network layer. In some cases, some IoT contains two added components like Middleware and Business layers. Aazam et al. (2014) also provide issues relating to cloud computing, as highlighted by Lee, I. & Lee, K. (2015) because the attackers use smart devices to hack the data from the system. Aazam et al. (2014) offer different concepts on how to improve the efficacy of operations through the use of sensor networks in maintenance and control. The analysis of the article, Security in Wearable Communications by Wang et al. (2016), also offers various approaches to how the Internet of Things and smart devices improve communication among users. According to Wang et al. (2016), computers are like devices that can be attached to clothes worn on the bodies of human bodies.

Conclusion

In conclusion, computer science is one of the fields that have encountered a lot of changes, primarily due to advancements in technology. The Internet of Things (IoT) technologies offers various benefits in the computer science sector. Data storage, control, and management have become active due to the introduction and adoption of smart devices and the Internet of Things technologies. IoT has resulted in the invention and use of tools that microcontrollers, appropriate protocol stacks, and trans-receivers improve the efficacy of internet operations. Cloud computing has resulted from the use of smart devices and the introduction of Internet of Things technologies.

References

Aazam, M., Khan, I., Alsaffar, A. A., & Huh, E. N. (2014). Cloud of Things: Integrating the Internet of Things and Cloud Computing and the Issues Involved. In Proceedings of 2014 11th International Bhurban Conference on Applied Sciences & Technology (IBCAST) Islamabad, Pakistan, 14th-18th January 2014 (pp. 414-419). IEEE. Retrieved from: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/6778179/

Gubbi, J., Buyya, R., Marusic, S., & Palaniswami, M. (2013). Internet of Things (IoT): A Vision, Architectural Elements, and Future Directions. Future Generation Computer Systems, 29(7), 1645-1660. Retrieved from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167739X13000241

Lee, I., & Lee, K. (2015). The Internet of Things (IoT): Applications, Investments, and Challenges for Enterprises. Business Horizons, 58(4), 431-440. Retrieved from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0007681315000373

Stojkoska, B. L. R., & Trivodaliev, K. V. (2017). A Review of Internet of Things for Smart Home: Challenges and Solutions. Journal of Cleaner Production, 140, 1454-1464. Retrieved from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S095965261631589X

Wang, S., Bie, R., Zhao, F., Zhang, N., Cheng, X., & Choi, H. A. (2016). Security in Wearable Communications. IEEE Network, 30(5), 61-67. Retrieved from: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/7579028/

Zanella, A., Bui, N., Castellani, A., Vangelista, L., & Zorzi, M. (2014). Internet of Things for Smart Cities. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 1(1), 22-32. Retrieved from: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/6740844/

Ziegeldorf, J. H., Morchon, O. G., & Wehrle, K. (2014). Privacy in the Internet of Things: Threats and Challenges. Security and Communication Networks, 7(12), 2728-2742. Retrieved from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/sec.795