Landmark Supreme Court Cases Research

Introduction

The landmark court ruling helped the police practice to be in compliant with the law in that the law enforcement has stopped policy making, for example, the police agency avoid writing policies controlling criminal investigation. There have been noticeable exceptions that show that rulemaking is an achievable way of upgrading the quality of investigations.

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Explain one police patrol strategies and compare its strengths and weakness

Foot patrol strategy

Patrol is the main backbone to all the police operations and takes up most of the resources in police agencies. The police department is making use of patrol officers to minimize criminal activities and enhance safety in specific areas thus protecting the property and people. Patrols concerns are visiting a precise location, not because of responding to a particular call but just to travel to the site and have a look at it. Foot patrol strategy involves a regular walk in a specific location observing the activities taking place and also familiarising with the area; there are other methods of a patrol that include, bicycle patrol, car patrol, and horse patrol. The officers may conduct the patrol activity either individually or in couples. The policing agency is going back to the foot patrol method that became outdated with the introduction of radio cars. For example, according to an associated media article, the New York police agency has enhanced emphasis to conduct foot patrols to the cities criminal activity hotspots, this was due to the increased number of criminal activities whereby there were approximately 55 shootings in the area (Sherman, et al. 2014). Foot patrol strategy has various strengths and weakness that include

Powers of foot patrols

The citizens get to know their officers and vice versa. Foot patrols tend to increase the number of contact times with the officers in charge. The population with the criminal element may not have the interest to talk to the police, but the community that is victimized by the criminals will need the talk with the officers to express their concerns.

The officers gain a clear understanding of the neighborhood where they patrol. Once an apparent bond is formed between the population and the cops, those who communicate with the police on regular bases may end up being the informants on the crimes that the police may not have known. Later the information gotten by the officers may enhance their knowledge of the neighborhood. This helps them know when someone who is not a resident of the area appears

The weakness of this method

It becomes a challenge for the police agencies to make clear calls. Cities with a vast number of service calls have difficulty in a case the officer on foot patrol may not be present for an emergency. The foot patrol officers are considered not present to respond to calls, but when the officer needs help other officer's run to the direction of the emergency.

Analyse one era in American corrections and explain the weakness and strength associated with the method

The just deserts era

This era started in the year 1995 and had continued up to date, this era refers to the return of being confined or sentenced from the society as a punishment, sentencing is necessary and the only allowed consequence of engaging in the unaccepted behavior (Sherman, et al. 2014). This new era of avoiding repeat offenders is resulting in overcrowding of inmates in prisons. There have been many critics over the years demanding for reforms from this kind of punishment since it is causing somewhat unsafe conditions in the jails. In the United States, there are 102 federal prisons and 1719 state prisons; there are also local jails and juvenile correctional. The total number of people held in this prisons has risen to 2.4 million prisoners (Sherman, et al. 2014). , the number of females and the elderly are also on the rise whereby humankind issues such as diseases attack many of this inmates. The psychologically ill and the elderly prisoners are most at risk of diseases among all the population in prisons. The prisoners are also being released without skills to help them in the competitive technology economy, and this results in continued criminal behavior in the society

The strength associated with this method

The era has also achieved the aim or reducing second-time offenders due to the increase in the life sentencing; this results to the offenders being kept away from the society where they get time to reflect on their life's thus opting to take a new change in their lives. Secondly, this era increased the number of prisons facilities thus minimizing on congestion even though this advantage is being affected by the huge increase in the number of inmates

The weakness associated with this method

The increase in the number of inmates results in the reduction of prisoner's privileges thus leading to increased violence amongst inmates, more inmate's suicide and also other forms of prisons disorders.

Analyse the dual court system in the United States and explain the advantages and disadvantages of a duel system

The United States had a double court system even before the constitution was written, whereby each of the thirteen colonies had its court system that depended on the British standard law model (Neubauer, 2015). The dual court system refers to the judicial structure that uses two independent court system, one that functions at the national level and the other at the local level. The United States court system is made up of two different operating system, which is the state's courts and the federal courts. Both court system function independently in the legislative and executive branches.

The jurisdiction of the state courts

The court Jurisdiction refers to the cases that the court is constitutionally mandated to consider. The state courts are of significance to the united stated judiciary since they are mandated to resolve almost 90% of cases in the court system (Neubauer, 2015). State courts handle most of the criminal and crime cases for example murder, robbery and violation of laws. This court is also mandated to manage the civil matters such as divorce, contract disputes, family issues, real estate cases and malpractice cases.

The jurisdiction of the federal courts

The federal courts are mandated to hear cases that involve the federal government such as the maritime laws or bankruptcy, and they may also listen to cases whose results may affect other countries, for example, drug smuggling and human trafficking. The federal courts also deal with disputes on how the federal laws are implemented. However, this court relies mainly on the executive to enforce their decision. Some cases may be heard in both the federal court and the state courts, for example, a case may be heard at a federal court if it requires the assistance of the federal laws

The advantages of a dual court system

The benefit of having the dual court system is that in case of a conflict between the federal and the state laws the constitution of the United States intervenes and the state constitutional laws can be reviewed in the federal courts.

The disadvantage of the dual court system

The presence of dual court system means that there are many courts that one could be charged with violation of other personal rights. Its state laws govern each states court. Therefore, judgment may contradict from state to state.

References

Hartman, G. R., Mersky, R. M., & Tate, C. L. (2014). Landmark Supreme Court cases: the most influential decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States. Infobase Publishing.

Neubauer, D. W., & Fradella, H. F. (2015). America's courts and the criminal justice system. Cengage Learning.

Sherman, L. W., Williams, S., Ariel, B., Strang, L. R., Wain, N., Slothower, M., & Norton, A. (2014). An integrated theory of hot spots patrol strategy: implementing prevention by scaling up and feeding back. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 30(2), 95-122.