Essay Sample on Types of Government: Shaping Society & Human Wellbeing

Introduction

A government is a set of persons who govern a society or a unit. A government sets and directs public strategy and exercises administrative, political and self-governing authority through foundations, customs, and rules that are within a municipal. Some functions of the government are, to endorse general wellbeing, launching justice, providing for the mutual protection, to create a better flawless union and to protect domestic calmness. There are many types of government that are used to govern different countries in the world. These are a democratic government, monarchy government, republicanism, tarianism government, fascism government, dictatorship government, communism government aristocracy government, and an oligarchy government.

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A Democratic Form of Government

For the previous four eras, democracy has developed greatly across the world. According to the pew research center, they said that as 2016 was coming to an end, there were 97 countries all over 167 republics that were democratic (Silver, Drew 2017). These countries have a population of about 500,000 people. In the year 2016, 33 countries were fully well thought to be united democracies with a state ranking of +10. In these countries that are democratic, they have different forms of democracy. These include presidential democracy, authoritarian democracy, Islamic democracy, participatory democracy, direct democracy, legislative democracy, social and demonstrative democracy. Each country defines democracy in its own different way. In a representative democracy also known as indirect democracy, this is where the citizens of a country choose to elect who will epitomize them in a congress or in the parliament.

A parliamentary democracy offers the legislature more powers. In this type of democracy, the head of the government and the head of the state are very different but they both have varying authorities. In the presidential democracy, the president is either voted by the citizens indirectly or directly and he or she has more powers than the government. For example, countries like Sudan, the USA, and Argentina use presidential democracy. In Authoritarian democracy, only the leaders are part of the procedures of the parliament. The people of the state are given the chance to elect the leader of their own but regular people are now allowed to participate in the elections. In a participatory democracy, all the people in a population are given the opportunity to give contributions that are eloquent in the process of making decisions. The dis-empowered people in the community are empowered by participatory democracy because it splits up the municipal into small connections. The Islamic democracy applies the law of Islam to civic plans but it also maintains a democratic background. In a direct democracy, people of a country ballot for planning directly with no transitional legislatures. The objective of social democracy is to empower a country of over the meager urges of the neoliberal souk.

The four elements of democracy are, substitute the regime safety of human rights all citizens, all the rules applied to the citizens must be equal, all the people of the country can participate in civics and politics and there should be a procedure of elections where people can choose and change the government. Some of the countries that are fully democratic are Australia, Denmark, Canada, Finland, Austria, Malta, Costa Rica, Germany, Spain, United Kingdom, Sweden, Spain, Switzerland, Norway, Ireland, Iceland, Uruguay, Netherlands, Mauritius, Luxembourg, and New Zealand. There are other countries that are democratic but during the elections, their low participants in the civics and politics and these countries also have an immature ethos. This type of democracy is called a flawed democracy. The countries that have flawed democracy are; Argentina, Tunisia, Belgium, United States, Brazil, Taiwan, Botswana, Trinidad, Bulgaria, Mexico, Croatia, Cyprus, Philippines, Peru, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Singapore, Slovakia, Serbia, Lithuania, India, South Africa, Israel South Korea, Panama, Cape Verde, Namibia, Jamaica, Poland, Japan and many others.

"Democracy is the government of the people by the people for the people," (Elgie, Robert 241-247). The democratic form of government is the most common type of government in western countries. In a democratic country, all the citizens of the nation are allowed to vote for their choice of political party and representatives during the elections. The people can still vote for the representatives who will represent them in the legislatures, for example, a national congress or the parliament. The political parties are associations of persons with the same notions about a region or a country and how it should be ruled. Various political parties have diverse concepts about how a government should handle different types of problems. So, when they are campaigning, they talk about these issues to the citizens of a particular country and a person votes for the political party or the leader that he or she fills is fit for the position. According to a survey that was conducted by the Pew Researchers, they came to find out that many of the 38 nations supported the representative democracy to rule their country (Elgie, Robert 241- 247).

Oligarchy Form of Government

In Oligarchy form of government, the authority system is owned by a group of few people. These people exercise power by themselves because they are corrupt or due to their greedy wants. Most of the Oligarchies have developed because of the leaders who were exclusively appointed from a reigning class. Such leaders have greed for power and they exercise the power for their own interest without minding the needs for the other people. According to Gaetano Mosca, an Italian political scientist said that this type of ruling sovereign is made up of operative oligarchic governance. Although there are other types of governments, any political system can have an Oligarchy form of democracy because many leaders these days exercise power for their own interests.

The people in this group have a number of aspects that differentiates them. These factors include military, wealth, political and religious ties. In this type of democracy, most of the rulers come from the same family and this power is inherited by their children and it is passed on to the next generation. The oligarchy type of democracy is dictatorial and oppressive to the citizens of a certain country because they are not allowed to participate in elections or to vote for the leader of their choice. It is clear that most of the countries in the world use oligarchy. For example, when they are appointing new councils who governs the national strategies. Some of the countries that have oligarchy type of democracy are Saudi Arabia, Iran, China, North Korea, Russia, Venezuela, Turkey, South Africa, and Iran.

Most of the people in the world contemplate that Vladimir Putin controls Russia but he has been practicing Oligarchy form of democracy that has governed Russia from the 1400s. according to research that was conducted by Kimberly Amadeo, it alleged that in Russia for an individual to get rich, he or she must have connections with the government and if you cut off these connections you will also lose influence in the country or you can also get killed (Bernstein 233-237). Capitalists and communists are trying to lead Russia and they are trying to change Oligarchy but it has changed in a very little way from the 1400s because it still being practiced by the leaders of the county.

Oligarchy started in China after Mao Tse-Tung passed away. Most of his family members who came from the Eight Immortals are the owners of state-owned firms, they even marry each other and they also work together on corporate deals. In Saudi Arabia, oligarchy is practiced by the Royal family because it not governed by a single person only. The governing emperor has to share his supremacies with children of King Abd al-AZIZ al-Sa'ud who was the initiator of the country. He had 17 wives and 44 sons. In Iran, the Islamic clerics started to practice oligarchy after Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini died. Ayatollah did not want his family to govern the country but after his death, his successor replaced him, he let his family and friends join the positions of the government.

Oligarchy form of government has led to the formation of other types of government. These different forms include theocracy, meritocracy, kratocracy, geniocracy, noocracy, stratocracy, kritarchy, and plutocracy. Kritarchy is the structure of ruling in which the lawful system and regime are constitutionally entangled. In theocracy form of government, the religious leaders are the ones who hold the highest offices in the state. For example, Iran, Tibet, and Vatican City. In Noocracy form of government, the people who said to be wise are left to rule the government. Geniocracy governance structure advocates for compassion, inventive problem answering and intelligence in ruling the government. A meritocracy governance structure is where the experts in a certain part of the economy are left to run it. Plutocracy form of government is whereby the wealthy people take control over the production factors.

Totalitarian Form of Government

Totalitarian is a system of government that tries to declare total governance over the rights of people in a certain country. The citizens of a country are denied the freedom to have an opposition party that will oppose the government. The whole population of a state is completely subjected to the absolute authority of the government in achieving its targets. In this form of government, there are no legal measures that prevent the police to act without being controlled and thus this makes it hard for an individual to do attend to his or her private activities and ordinary business. In the countries where there is a totalitarian form of government, the citizens are denied the liberty of the press and also free speech. Some of religions and notions in these countries are also declared illegal and should not be practiced. The leaders of the totalitarian system of government, have undisclosed police services and them fearful when ruling the country. The country that is governed under this type of government Eritrea. But there are other countries that have used this form of government before like, Albania, Germany, and China.

There four main systems of totalitarianism in the present world. These are communist totalitarian, theoretic totalitarian, right-wing totalitarian and tribal totalitarian. In a theoretic totalitarian system of government, the political power is dominated by an individual, a party or group that rules the country according to the philosophies of religion. In the right-wing totalitarian form of government, a person is denied political freedom because the leaders believe that it might cause communism but economic freedom is allowed to individuals. The communist totalitarian supports the citizens to attain socialism through the dictatorship of the totalitarian. The interests of a certain ethnic group that is dominating power are represented by a political party in tribal totalitarian form of government. To achieve totalitarianism form of government, the leaders practice the following strategies. They must have undisclosed police services, they govern through fear, spreading propaganda through education, media, and also government dialogues, they sign up military forces by force, they start one political party to rule the country, they control on how the population reproduces, they target on particular political and religious party and they create one nationalist party.

Aristocracy Form of Government

Aristocracy is a system of government by a moderately small fortunate class or by a marginal involving people who feel that they have competent...