Paper Example on Globalization: Shaping the Present and Future

Introduction

Since the beginning of globalization, Change has been the greatest visible result economically, socially, and politically. Globalization has four distinct phases consisting of Humanizing the world, Localizing the world economy old and New globalization. These phases help in making the world more accessible to everyone through political, economic, and social means. Also, globalization has helped in shaping the present, which was the future through the exchange of knowledge, products, and ways of governing different regions resulting in human development and civilization across every nation in the world. Also, globalization affects countries' relations and interactions in platforms like the United Nations and World Trade Organization.

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Keebet, and Franz von BendaBeckmann. "Residence in a Minangkabau Nagari." Indonesia Circle 6.15 (1978): 6-17.

Power division and functions for the Managjkabu Nagari residence shows how they transformed their political structure to become effective and usable to modern society. The division of power comes from the Minangkabau law, which comprises of three aspects of the Minangkabau's political and social organization. These aspects include the sociopolitical state, the system of property relations, and formal procedures for reactive and preventative law. Additionally, these laws are interpreted by the national statutory law, Islamic law, and adat, which are headed by the authoritative agents, religious court, and Nagari council, respectively. And the Minangkabau law prohibits any law enforcement agency from intervening in the interpretation and the enactment of these set of laws.

Qin, Marcelo M. Suarez-Orozco Desiree. Globalization: Culture and education in the new millennium. Univ of California Press, 2004.

Culture and education have changed drastically across the world due to the rampant globalization in the 20th and the 21st-century hence affecting millennial's way of life across the world. Globalization of culture and education has created a universal modern life, especially in the developed nations where globalization takes place faster every time. Globalization has become an integral part of this contemporary time; hence millennial inheritance is inevitable. This situation has made academicians concerned about how education will help millennials to become a universal citizen in every level of education available for the students. And as a way of responding to this situation, the academicians are working with international students to develop a curriculum to help millennials learn to become a global student.

Part 1

Globalization is a terminology used to explain the increasing interdependence of the world's economies, people's way of life, and populations, which is encouraged through cross-border trade. People from different countries trade goods, services, and technology worldwide. There is the flow of investments, people, and information from one country to another. Over many centuries different people have encouraged the building of economic partnerships to facilitate these movements. The term globalization gained popularity in the early 1990s after the Cold war because these cooperative arrangements enhanced the shaping of modern everyday life (Qin & Marcello, 2004)

Globalization is not a new concept because, during ancient times, traders traveled long distances to buy and sell goods that were rare and high-priced in their homelands. The Industrial Revolution that brought about advances in technology and machinery enhanced more accessible communication and faster transportation from one place to another eased trading across different borders in the 19th century. Stalling of globalization took place after world war one because the countries involved in the conflict launched taxes on imported goods to guard their industries in the aftermath of the war. The trend continued during the period of the Great Depression and World war 11 until the United States of America took a vital role in reviving international trade. What followed since was the speeding up of globalization at an unprecedented pace with public policy changes and enhancement of communication technology as its two main driving factors.

Globalization came about because of the development in the technological sector. During the post-war period, the cost of transport, travel, and communicating information fell dramatically almost entirely because of the progress in technology. Secondly, from the 1970s, there were the introduction of steel transport containers which reduced the costs of intermodal transport, thus making trading cheaper and more efficient. Growth of global trading blocs such as the North America Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the European Union have reduced national barriers hence encouraging more cross-border trading. Reduced tariff barriers, which have been supported by the World Trade Organization has also encouraged global trading. Improved mobility of capital has significantly reduced capital barriers making it easier for the flow of capital between different economies. It has resulted in increased ability of companies to receive finance and also enhanced the global interconnectedness of global financial markets. Additionally, the willingness of different people to move to different countries in such work has improved the mobility of labor. The growth of multinational companies has encouraged globalization because different companies from different countries encourage trade by availing their products and services to people of different economies (Gills, Barry & Williamson, 2012)

Part 2

Minangkabau (people of the Plains) consists of the largest ethnic group found on the island of Sumatra, Indonesia. The Minangkabau are the world's largest society with a structure based on matrilineal clans, but men control religious and political affairs. The basis of the culture of the Minangkabau is on Islamic beliefs ad these belief systems are from the Quran.

Due to globalization, there have been women pursuing leadership roles in politics. Although the numbers are still small, this was not allowed in the pre globalization period. The exclusion of women from the male-dominated power structures in political parties and local legislatures was mandated. Also, globalization has encouraged migration of some of the Minangkabau's to other countries in search of job opportunities or education. As a result, women lost status as head of the household due to influence by western cultures and the internet. The mode of dressing has changed. Traditionally Minangkabau women wore

Globalization has also led to the education of girls. The Minangkabau did not take the education of women seriously because they believed that education made the women abandon their roles as mothers and guardians of the matrilineal family. Currently, Minangkabau women have been exposed to better education, thus making them get better job opportunities not only in the local area but also worldwide. Due to exposure to the internet and education, Minangkabau women have a chance of meeting potential suitors, but the task of choosing a marriage partner was on the parents. Some of the women have chosen their marriage partner without the mother's intervention; however, they still face the consequences such as losing her home and property. The mode of housing has also changed due to globalization. Minangkabau people lived in longhouses that could decay after some time; thus, some of them adopted the modern way of building houses using stones, and no traditional houses are in the urban areas. Environmentally, the Minangkabau are migrating overseas in search of knowledge and good fortunes. Globalization has encouraged migration due to the faster and cheaper mode of transportation. These people from West Sumatra, Indonesia, maintain their cultural identity during and after migrating (Keebet & Franz, 6-17)

The changes that the Minangkabau people have undergone have affected them in many ways are seen above. These people have responded to these changes in both negative and positive ways. Firstly, due to the advancement of communication and technology, women and men who have migrated to other countries stay in touch with their families and assist their families financially to improve the economic status back home. Secondly, women who are below 25 years of age are encouraged to get married by accepting the suitor the parents choose. Also, the severe consequences of choosing a suitor who is not approved by the woman's parents are in place. The consequences discourage women from not following their culture. Thirdly, more women are undergoing studies in various schools, and many parents agree to pay for their children's school fees as long as the studies do not affect their roles at home. Also, due to many conflicts between relatives are reducing. The conflicts resulted from the housing traditions of the Minangkabau people. They lived together in longhouses; however, globalization brought about the use of stones to build houses; thus, they build small stone houses that could only accommodate the nuclear families. Also, more men are encouraged to migrate, oversees, and acquire better jobs to take good care of their families.

On the other hand, the rebuking of women aspiring to acquire political leadership positions is encouraged because political positions are for men only. Rebuking has encouraged the limiting of the power of women. As much as society is matrilineal, all positions of authority, which include adat, governmental, religious, and political, belong to men.

Conclusion

In summary, the future of the Minangkabau matrilineal system is bleak because of the growing patriarchal system and modernization. Contemporary, the men in the clan have all the formal positions of authority; the women only have the domestic kind of authority, which might help in the household but not in formal matters. Also, there will be an end to the arranged marriages. In the 21st century, there is the exposure of men and women from the Minangkabau clan to the internet, smartphones, and computers. Through this technological equipment, they have a higher chance of meeting different suitors whom they can marry or get married to or, the men and women from this clan can meet a person who is not a distant cousin or relative and marries. Also, through migration and settlement, migrants from other countries and communities who settle in the West Sumatra, Indonesia, can marry the Minangkabau. Women are also bound to get into politics and also allowed to vote. Currently, a small number of women have already started campaigning for political and legislative posts. Another change is ownership of the property. Currently, the women own land, houses, and inherit the land, but in the future, this practice is going to change so that the men can also own land and be able to inherit property. Also, during a divorce, the property and land ownership remain with the woman despite the man supporting the woman. The aspect of divorce will change to the man, not leaving empty-handed after a divorce.

The Minangkabau can maintain their cultural components because the basing of their cultural concept is on norms, values, beliefs, symbols, and practices. Their primary identity adat is from the teachings of the Holy Quran, which aids in giving the meaning of life to the people of Minangkabau. Also, through oral traditions and literature, there are folktales among the Minangkabau, which present social and personal consequences that come as a result of ignoring or observing the ethical teachings and norms that are in the adat. Also, the stories from the folktales depict women as sources of wisdom; thus, the folktales relate to the vital role of women among the Mi...